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Questions and Answers
What type of energy is associated with an object in motion?
What type of energy is associated with an object in motion?
Which law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed?
Which law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed?
What characterizes endergonic reactions?
What characterizes endergonic reactions?
How does the Second Law of Thermodynamics relate to energy conversion?
How does the Second Law of Thermodynamics relate to energy conversion?
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Which of the following is an example of potential energy?
Which of the following is an example of potential energy?
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In cellular metabolism, what is the role of ATP?
In cellular metabolism, what is the role of ATP?
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What distinguishes catabolism from anabolism in metabolism?
What distinguishes catabolism from anabolism in metabolism?
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What typically happens to energy during a chemical reaction in terms of transformation?
What typically happens to energy during a chemical reaction in terms of transformation?
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What happens to NADH during metabolic processes?
What happens to NADH during metabolic processes?
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What pH does pepsin function best in?
What pH does pepsin function best in?
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Which statement about oxidation and reduction is correct?
Which statement about oxidation and reduction is correct?
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What is indicated by the acronym OIL RIG in redox reactions?
What is indicated by the acronym OIL RIG in redox reactions?
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How does a competitive inhibitor affect enzyme activity?
How does a competitive inhibitor affect enzyme activity?
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Which process occurs rapidly due to oxygen's interaction with metals?
Which process occurs rapidly due to oxygen's interaction with metals?
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What is the normal body pH at which many human enzymes operate optimally?
What is the normal body pH at which many human enzymes operate optimally?
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What effect does an increase in temperature have on enzyme activity?
What effect does an increase in temperature have on enzyme activity?
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What is the primary purpose of redox reactions in biological systems?
What is the primary purpose of redox reactions in biological systems?
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Which type of inhibitor alters the shape of the enzyme after it has bound to the substrate?
Which type of inhibitor alters the shape of the enzyme after it has bound to the substrate?
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In the context of photosynthesis, what is necessary for the process to occur?
In the context of photosynthesis, what is necessary for the process to occur?
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What is released during the combustion of organic matter?
What is released during the combustion of organic matter?
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What unique condition allows Helicobacter pylori to thrive in the stomach?
What unique condition allows Helicobacter pylori to thrive in the stomach?
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Which of the following best describes the phases of photosynthesis?
Which of the following best describes the phases of photosynthesis?
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What defines a reversible inhibitor's action in an enzymatic reaction?
What defines a reversible inhibitor's action in an enzymatic reaction?
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What is affected when changes in pH occur regarding enzymes?
What is affected when changes in pH occur regarding enzymes?
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How many ATP are produced via substrate-level phosphorylation during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle combined?
How many ATP are produced via substrate-level phosphorylation during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle combined?
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What is the primary reason fermentation is less efficient than aerobic respiration?
What is the primary reason fermentation is less efficient than aerobic respiration?
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How many ATP does each NADH produced in the electron transport chain generate?
How many ATP does each NADH produced in the electron transport chain generate?
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Which of the following statements is true about the electron transport chain?
Which of the following statements is true about the electron transport chain?
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What byproducts are produced from fermentation in yeast?
What byproducts are produced from fermentation in yeast?
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In terms of total ATP yield, how does aerobic respiration compare to fermentation?
In terms of total ATP yield, how does aerobic respiration compare to fermentation?
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Which of the following correctly describes the role of NAD in cellular respiration?
Which of the following correctly describes the role of NAD in cellular respiration?
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How many ATP are produced per FADH2 in the oxidative phosphorylation process?
How many ATP are produced per FADH2 in the oxidative phosphorylation process?
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Which statement accurately describes the difference between DNA and RNA?
Which statement accurately describes the difference between DNA and RNA?
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What are the building blocks of nucleic acids?
What are the building blocks of nucleic acids?
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Which nitrogenous bases are found in RNA?
Which nitrogenous bases are found in RNA?
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How do DNA and RNA differ in terms of sugar structure?
How do DNA and RNA differ in terms of sugar structure?
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What role do ribosomes play in protein synthesis?
What role do ribosomes play in protein synthesis?
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Which nitrogenous bases pair together in DNA?
Which nitrogenous bases pair together in DNA?
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What is the function of NAD+ in cellular metabolism?
What is the function of NAD+ in cellular metabolism?
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Which of the following processes is NOT part of the central dogma of biology?
Which of the following processes is NOT part of the central dogma of biology?
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Study Notes
Energy and Metabolism
-
Kinetic Energy: Energy of motion
- Examples: Food, Coal, Gasoline, Wood, Electricity (electrons), Mechanical Motion, Thermal Heat
-
Potential Energy: Stored energy
- Examples:
- Potential for chemical reactions
- Food
- Gasoline
- Examples:
Laws of Thermodynamics
- First Law: The total amount of energy in the universe is constant, it can only change forms.
- Second Law: When one form of energy is converted to another, some of the useful energy will be lost as useless energy like heat. This means no conversion is 100% efficient.
Energy Conversions
- Mitochondria in eukaryotic cells convert energy stored in organic molecules like sugars into ATP, the form of energy cells can use for work directly.
Reactions
- Endergonic Reactions: Require energy to occur, and they release energy.
- Exergonic Reactions: Do not require energy and are energetically favorable.
Catabolism and Anabolism
- Metabolism: All biochemical reactions that occur within a cell.
- Catabolism: Breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy.
- Anabolism: Synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones, requiring energy.
- Together, they maintain the organism's energy needs
Enzymes
- Function: Act as catalysts speeding up the rate of chemical reactions in the body.
-
Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity: pH, temperature, inhibitors
- pH: Optimal performance at a specific level, denaturation at extremes.
- Temperature: Optimal performance at some level, denaturation at extremes.
-
Inhibitors: Disrupt binding of substrate to enzyme
- Competitive Inhibitors: Compete with substrate for the same binding site.
- Non-Competitive Inhibitors: Interact with the enzyme to alter the shape of enzyme, preventing substrate from binding.
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
- Energy Currency of Cells: The form of energy cells can use for work directly.
-
Production: From the breakdown of glucose:
- Substrate Level Phosphorylation: 4 ATP total (2 from glycolysis, 2 from Krebs Cycle).
- Oxidative Phosphorylation: 30-32 ATP total (3 from each NADH, 2 from each FADH2)
- Total ATP per Glucose: 36-38 ATP
Redox Reactions
- Involve the transfer of electrons from one molecule to another, and a change in oxidation states.
-
OIL RIG
- Oxidation: Is Loss of electrons
- Reduction: Is Gain of electrons
-
Important Redox Reactions
- Combustion: Fast and releases energy (burning gasoline, coal)
- Corrosion: Slow and releases energy (iron reacting with oxygen, creating rust)
- Decay: Breakdown of organic molecules (dead material)
- Biological Processes: Essential for energy production (breaking down food, ATP creation)
Photosynthesis
- Processes that convert light energy into chemical energy.
-
Reactants:
- Sunlight
- Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
- Water (H2O)
-
Products:
- Glucose (C6H12O6)
- Oxygen (O2)
- Equation: 6CO2 + 6H2O + Sunlight → C6H12O6 + 6O2
Fermentation
- Process that allows cells to generate energy in the absence of oxygen.
-
Products:
- Lactic Acid, Ethanol
- Efficiency: Less efficient than aerobic respiration (producing approximately 2 ATP per glucose).
-
Process:
- Glycolysis
- Reactions that regenerate NAD+ for glycolysis to continue.
Aerobic Respiration
- Cellular respiration that uses oxygen to completely oxidize glucose.
-
Products:
- Water (H2O)
- Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
- Efficiency: More efficient than fermentation (producing approximately 30-32 ATP per glucose).
-
Process:
- Glycolysis
- Transition Reaction
- Krebs Cycle
- Electron Transport Chain
Central Dogma of Biology
- DNA: Contains the genetic information.
- RNA: Transports genetic information from DNA to ribosomes.
- Protein: Carries out biological functions.
The Flow Of Information in the Central Dogma
- Replication: DNA makes a copy of itself (DNA to DNA).
- Transcription: DNA is used to make mRNA (DNA to RNA).
- Translation: The mRNA code is used to make proteins (RNA to Protein).
Nucleotides
- The building blocks of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA).
-
Structure:
- Phosphate Group
- Five-carbon sugar (Ribose in RNA, Deoxyribose in DNA)
- Nitrogenous base
Nitrogenous Bases
- DNA: Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), Thymine (T)
- RNA: Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), Uracil (U)
- Base Pairing: Adenine pairs with Thymine (or Uracil in RNA), and Guanine pairs with Cytosine.
DNA vs RNA Structure
-
DNA:
- Double-stranded
- Deoxyribose sugar
- Thymine base
-
RNA:
- Single-stranded
- Ribose sugar
- Uracil base
- Both have a phosphate group and nitrogenous bases.
Genes
- Segments of DNA that code for specific proteins or functional RNA molecules.
- Located on chromosomes, which are comprised of DNA and protein.
- Important for inheritance, as they determine an organism's traits.
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Description
Test your knowledge on energy types, laws of thermodynamics, and metabolic processes. This quiz includes questions on kinetic and potential energy, mitochondrial function, and different types of biochemical reactions. Perfect for students looking to solidify their understanding of these fundamental concepts.
