Energy and Metabolism Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What type of energy is associated with an object in motion?

  • Nuclear energy
  • Kinetic energy (correct)
  • Potential energy
  • Chemical energy

    • Which law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed?

  • Law of Conservation of Energy
  • Law of Energy Distribution
  • Second Law of Thermodynamics
  • First Law of Thermodynamics (correct)

    • What characterizes endergonic reactions?

  • They do not require energy.
  • They occur spontaneously.
  • They require energy to occur. (correct)
  • They always release heat.

    • How does the Second Law of Thermodynamics relate to energy conversion?

    <p>Some energy is lost as useless energy, like heat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of potential energy?

    <p>Stretched rubber band</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cellular metabolism, what is the role of ATP?

    <p>It is the form of energy that cells can use directly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes catabolism from anabolism in metabolism?

    <p>Catabolism releases energy, while anabolism requires energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically happens to energy during a chemical reaction in terms of transformation?

    <p>Some energy becomes unusable in the form of heat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to NADH during metabolic processes?

    <p>It transfers extra electrons to another substrate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What pH does pepsin function best in?

    <p>pH 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about oxidation and reduction is correct?

    <p>Oxidation is characterized by the loss of electrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by the acronym OIL RIG in redox reactions?

    <p>Oxidation Is Loss, Reduction Is Gain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a competitive inhibitor affect enzyme activity?

    <p>It competes with the substrate for the same binding site.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process occurs rapidly due to oxygen's interaction with metals?

    <p>Corrosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal body pH at which many human enzymes operate optimally?

    <p>pH 7.4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does an increase in temperature have on enzyme activity?

    <p>It can lead to denaturation at extremes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of redox reactions in biological systems?

    <p>To contribute to the breakdown of food.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of inhibitor alters the shape of the enzyme after it has bound to the substrate?

    <p>Non-competitive inhibitor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of photosynthesis, what is necessary for the process to occur?

    <p>Light energy, carbon dioxide, and water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is released during the combustion of organic matter?

    <p>Radiant heat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unique condition allows Helicobacter pylori to thrive in the stomach?

    <p>Acidic pH environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the phases of photosynthesis?

    <p>Light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a reversible inhibitor's action in an enzymatic reaction?

    <p>It can separate from the enzyme and restore function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is affected when changes in pH occur regarding enzymes?

    <p>The hydrogen bonds in the enzyme are affected.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many ATP are produced via substrate-level phosphorylation during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle combined?

    <p>4 ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason fermentation is less efficient than aerobic respiration?

    <p>Fermentation only partially oxidizes glucose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many ATP does each NADH produced in the electron transport chain generate?

    <p>3 ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about the electron transport chain?

    <p>It requires oxygen to function effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What byproducts are produced from fermentation in yeast?

    <p>Ethanol and carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of total ATP yield, how does aerobic respiration compare to fermentation?

    <p>Produces significantly more ATP than fermentation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the role of NAD in cellular respiration?

    <p>It is crucial for regenerating glycolysis when oxygen is absent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many ATP are produced per FADH2 in the oxidative phosphorylation process?

    <p>2 ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the difference between DNA and RNA?

    <p>RNA is usually single-stranded, while DNA is double-stranded.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the building blocks of nucleic acids?

    <p>Nucleotides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nitrogenous bases are found in RNA?

    <p>Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do DNA and RNA differ in terms of sugar structure?

    <p>DNA has deoxyribose, RNA has ribose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do ribosomes play in protein synthesis?

    <p>They facilitate translation of mRNA to proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nitrogenous bases pair together in DNA?

    <p>Adenine with Thymine and Cytosine with Guanine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of NAD+ in cellular metabolism?

    <p>To donate electrons during glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following processes is NOT part of the central dogma of biology?

    <p>Cellular respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Energy and Metabolism

    • Kinetic Energy: Energy of motion
      • Examples: Food, Coal, Gasoline, Wood, Electricity (electrons), Mechanical Motion, Thermal Heat
    • Potential Energy: Stored energy
      • Examples:
        • Potential for chemical reactions
        • Food
        • Gasoline

    Laws of Thermodynamics

    • First Law: The total amount of energy in the universe is constant, it can only change forms.
    • Second Law: When one form of energy is converted to another, some of the useful energy will be lost as useless energy like heat. This means no conversion is 100% efficient.

    Energy Conversions

    • Mitochondria in eukaryotic cells convert energy stored in organic molecules like sugars into ATP, the form of energy cells can use for work directly.

    Reactions

    • Endergonic Reactions: Require energy to occur, and they release energy.
    • Exergonic Reactions: Do not require energy and are energetically favorable.

    Catabolism and Anabolism

    • Metabolism: All biochemical reactions that occur within a cell.
    • Catabolism: Breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy.
    • Anabolism: Synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones, requiring energy.
    • Together, they maintain the organism's energy needs

    Enzymes

    • Function: Act as catalysts speeding up the rate of chemical reactions in the body.
    • Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity: pH, temperature, inhibitors
      • pH: Optimal performance at a specific level, denaturation at extremes.
      • Temperature: Optimal performance at some level, denaturation at extremes.
      • Inhibitors: Disrupt binding of substrate to enzyme
        • Competitive Inhibitors: Compete with substrate for the same binding site.
        • Non-Competitive Inhibitors: Interact with the enzyme to alter the shape of enzyme, preventing substrate from binding.

    ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

    • Energy Currency of Cells: The form of energy cells can use for work directly.
    • Production: From the breakdown of glucose:
      • Substrate Level Phosphorylation: 4 ATP total (2 from glycolysis, 2 from Krebs Cycle).
      • Oxidative Phosphorylation: 30-32 ATP total (3 from each NADH, 2 from each FADH2)
    • Total ATP per Glucose: 36-38 ATP

    Redox Reactions

    • Involve the transfer of electrons from one molecule to another, and a change in oxidation states.
    • OIL RIG
      • Oxidation: Is Loss of electrons
      • Reduction: Is Gain of electrons
    • Important Redox Reactions
      • Combustion: Fast and releases energy (burning gasoline, coal)
      • Corrosion: Slow and releases energy (iron reacting with oxygen, creating rust)
      • Decay: Breakdown of organic molecules (dead material)
      • Biological Processes: Essential for energy production (breaking down food, ATP creation)

    Photosynthesis

    • Processes that convert light energy into chemical energy.
    • Reactants:
      • Sunlight
      • Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
      • Water (H2O)
    • Products:
      • Glucose (C6H12O6)
      • Oxygen (O2)
    • Equation: 6CO2 + 6H2O + Sunlight → C6H12O6 + 6O2

    Fermentation

    • Process that allows cells to generate energy in the absence of oxygen.
    • Products:
      • Lactic Acid, Ethanol
    • Efficiency: Less efficient than aerobic respiration (producing approximately 2 ATP per glucose).
    • Process:
      • Glycolysis
      • Reactions that regenerate NAD+ for glycolysis to continue.

    Aerobic Respiration

    • Cellular respiration that uses oxygen to completely oxidize glucose.
    • Products:
      • Water (H2O)
      • Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
    • Efficiency: More efficient than fermentation (producing approximately 30-32 ATP per glucose).
    • Process:
      • Glycolysis
      • Transition Reaction
      • Krebs Cycle
      • Electron Transport Chain

    Central Dogma of Biology

    • DNA: Contains the genetic information.
    • RNA: Transports genetic information from DNA to ribosomes.
    • Protein: Carries out biological functions.

    The Flow Of Information in the Central Dogma

    • Replication: DNA makes a copy of itself (DNA to DNA).
    • Transcription: DNA is used to make mRNA (DNA to RNA).
    • Translation: The mRNA code is used to make proteins (RNA to Protein).

    Nucleotides

    • The building blocks of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA).
    • Structure:
      • Phosphate Group
      • Five-carbon sugar (Ribose in RNA, Deoxyribose in DNA)
      • Nitrogenous base

    Nitrogenous Bases

    • DNA: Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), Thymine (T)
    • RNA: Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), Uracil (U)
    • Base Pairing: Adenine pairs with Thymine (or Uracil in RNA), and Guanine pairs with Cytosine.

    DNA vs RNA Structure

    • DNA:
      • Double-stranded
      • Deoxyribose sugar
      • Thymine base
    • RNA:
      • Single-stranded
      • Ribose sugar
      • Uracil base
    • Both have a phosphate group and nitrogenous bases.

    Genes

    • Segments of DNA that code for specific proteins or functional RNA molecules.
    • Located on chromosomes, which are comprised of DNA and protein.
    • Important for inheritance, as they determine an organism's traits.

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    Lecture Exam 2 Study Guide PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on energy types, laws of thermodynamics, and metabolic processes. This quiz includes questions on kinetic and potential energy, mitochondrial function, and different types of biochemical reactions. Perfect for students looking to solidify their understanding of these fundamental concepts.

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