Energy Storage Systems - MECE3260U
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Questions and Answers

What is one of the primary purposes of Thermal Energy Storage (TES) systems?

  • To store solar energy for night heating (correct)
  • To enhance battery specific energy
  • To produce electrical energy during peak demand
  • To increase the size of new equipment

Which of the following describes a function of energy and exergy analysis in TES systems?

  • To reduce ambient temperature fluctuations
  • To evaluate performance based on specific energy
  • To compare calculated efficiencies with actual data (correct)
  • To increase the power output of batteries

What is a significant impact of ambient temperature on TES systems?

  • It directly affects thermal load during high demand (correct)
  • It increases the size of thermal equipment required
  • It improves electrical demand charges
  • It has no effect on energy storage capacity

What is the main benefit of reducing demand charges through TES systems?

<p>To lower the operational costs associated with peak load periods (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does energy and exergy efficiency relate to TES systems?

<p>They evaluate the effectiveness of thermal management strategies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the insulated ice storage tank in the ice-slurry system?

<p>To separate ice manufacturing from ice usage. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the temperature of the stored ice slurry affect the cooling load?

<p>Lower temperatures increase the efficiency of the cooling system. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the exergy efficiency of the overall system indicate?

<p>The effectiveness of energy conversion to work output. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the load control pump and valve play in the ice-slurry system?

<p>They adjust the supply temperature to meet application needs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does ambient temperature influence the energy efficiency of the storage tank?

<p>Increased ambient temperatures can lead to reduced performance efficiency. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor primarily affects the variation of storage temperature over time?

<p>The heat load demands placed on the system. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the freeze-depressant solution facilitate in the ice orbital rod evaporator?

<p>It allows for the production of a pumpable ice slurry. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of storage is characterized by the storage of summer heat for winter use?

<p>Long-term storage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of sensible heat storage (SHS)?

<p>Relies on increased temperature of a storage medium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of energy savings, what percentage of savings is achieved in heating with the BTES system?

<p>40% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following materials are typically used for latent heat storage?

<p>Salt hydrates (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one major drawback of utilizing geothermal heat pumps in a thermal energy storage system?

<p>High capital cost for high-efficiency HVAC equipment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following options is NOT a selection criterion for thermal energy storage?

<p>Time of day for energy generation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common application of thermal energy storage systems?

<p>Heat absorption from geothermal loops in summer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the payback period for high-efficiency HVAC equipment in the BTES system?

<p>3 to 5 years (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which temperature is typically used for low-temperature hydronic heating in the BTES system?

<p>52°C (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor does NOT significantly influence the design criteria for thermal energy storage systems?

<p>Energy source variability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Ice-slurry system operation

An ice-slurry system uses a refrigerant compressor/condenser, an ice orbital rod evaporator, an insulated ice storage tank, a load control pump, and a plate heat exchanger to produce and store chilled ice slurry and use it to cool a load.

Freeze-depressant solution

A freeze-depressant solution is added to the ice to lower the freezing point of water, typically used to produce a pumpable ice slurry at lower temperatures.

Ice storage tank

Stores the ice slurry for cooling applications, separating ice manufacturing from ice usage.

Load control pump and valve

Controls the temperature of supplied ice slurry to the load.

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Plate heat exchanger

Prevents cross-contamination between the ice-melting loop and the cooling load.

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Storage temperature variation

The change in the storage temperature (Ts) of the system over time (t), typically measured in degrees Celsius.

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Exergy efficiency

A measure of how much useful work can be extracted from a system, usually expressed as a percentage.

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Lithium-ion battery

A type of rechargeable battery that uses lithium ions to move between the anode and cathode during charge and discharge. They are known for their high energy density and power output, commonly used in portable electronics and electric vehicles.

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Specific energy

The amount of energy stored per unit mass of a battery, expressed in watt-hours per kilogram (Wh/kg).

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Specific power

The rate at which a battery can deliver energy, expressed in watts per kilogram (W/kg).

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TMS (Thermal Management System)

A system designed to control and manage the temperature of batteries, preventing overheating or excessive cooling to ensure optimal performance and safety.

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TES (Thermal Energy Storage)

A system that stores thermal energy, either heat or cold, for later use. It can be used to improve energy efficiency, reduce demand charges, and defer equipment purchases.

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Short-term Thermal Energy Storage

Storing thermal energy for a relatively short duration, typically for overnight or peak hours.

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Long-term Thermal Energy Storage

Storing thermal energy for an extended period, such as for seasonal use.

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Sensible Heat Storage

Storing heat by increasing the temperature of a material without changing its phase (solid, liquid, or gas).

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Latent Heat Storage

Storing heat by changing the phase of a material, such as melting ice or freezing water.

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Phase Change Materials (PCM)

Materials that store heat by changing their phase, often used in latent heat storage.

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Borehole Thermal Energy Storage (BTES)

A system that stores thermal energy in the ground through a network of boreholes.

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Glycol/Water Mix

A common heat transfer fluid used in BTES systems to circulate heat efficiently.

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UOIT Borehole BTES

A real-world example of a borehole thermal energy storage system, located at the University of Ontario Institute of Technology.

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Thermal Storage Efficiency

A measure of how well a thermal storage system can store and release heat, often expressed as a percentage.

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Selection Criteria for Thermal Energy Storage (TES)

Factors to consider when choosing a TES system, such as storage duration, cost, efficiency, and environmental impact.

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Study Notes

Energy Storage Systems

  • OntarioTech University
  • Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science
  • MECE3260U - Introduction to Energy Systems
  • The course covers Energy Storage Techniques, Thermal Energy Storage (TES) Methods, TES Applications, Technical Aspects of Cold TES Systems, Case Studies and Closing Remarks.
  • Distributed energy storage is crucial for connecting renewable energy resources (solar, wind) with centralized power and heat generation, and the electrification of transport.

Outline

  • Introduction
  • Energy Storage Techniques
    • Pumped storage
    • Electro-chemical batteries
    • Flywheels
    • Compressed air
    • Biological storage
    • Magnetic storage
    • Chemical storage
    • Thermal storage
  • Thermal Energy Storage (TES) Methods
    • Two-tank molten salts
    • Packed-bed, thermocline
    • Solid-state storage (concrete, graphite, sand/rock, metal block)
  • TES Applications
  • Technical Aspects of Cold TES Systems
  • Case Studies
  • Closing Remarks

Why Energy Storage

  • An advanced energy technology
  • A potential solution for reducing environmental impact
  • An efficient and effective energy saving method
  • An important mechanism to offset the mismatch between energy availability and demand
  • A large potential for cost-effective energy substitutions.
  • Applicable across various energy sectors

Energy Storage Methods

  • Chemical storage
    • Hydrogen storage
    • Synthetic natural gas
  • Electrical storage
    • Capacitors
    • Super-capacitors
    • Super conducting magnetic energy storage (SCMES)
  • Electrochemical storage
    • Electrochemical capacitors
    • Batteries
    • Fuel cells
  • Mechanical storage
    • Pumped hydro
    • Compressed air
    • Flywheels
  • Thermal storage
    • Thermo-chemical
    • Sensible thermal
    • Latent thermal

System Power Ratings, Module Size

  • UPS (Power Quality)
  • T&D (Grid Support, Load Shifting)
  • Bulk Power Mgt (Pumped hydro, CAES)
  • Various technologies and their power rating ranges (from kW to GW)

Global Battery Energy Storage

  • Rapid growth driven by increasing renewable energy sources
  • South Korea has the highest installed battery capacity globally.
  • Lithium-ion batteries are the dominant current market
  • Significant market growth projected.

Global Energy Storage Deployments

  • CAGR (compound annual growth rate) trending upwards for the deployment of global energy storage solutions.

Energy Storage Techniques

  • Pumped hydro
  • Electro-chemical batteries
  • Flywheels
  • Compressed air
  • Biological storage
  • Magnetic storage
  • Chemical storage
  • Thermal storage

Energy Storage Pricing

  • Global average lithium-ion battery prices have significantly decreased.
  • Factors influencing pricing and cost-effectiveness of different storage technologies.
  • Prices are constantly changing depending on factors like production and availability of materials, technology development, and demand.

Countries with Most Battery Capacity

  • China has the largest installed capacity.
  • The U.S. is rapidly increasing its capacity.
  • Other nations are gradually developing their battery storage capacities.

Storage Value Estimation Tool (StorageVET®)

  • A publicly available and open-source tool for evaluating energy storage technologies
  • Enables optimization of energy resources for better installations and sizing.
  • Aids in project planning and identifying storage value trends

Compressed Air Energy Storage System (CAES)

  • Uses compressed air stored underground in caverns
  • Cycles of compression and expansion generate electricity.

Pumped Hydro Storage System

  • Pump water uphill during off-peak hours
  • Release water downhill generating electricity during peak hours

Thermal Energy Storage (TES)

  • Technologies for storing thermal energy
    • Sensible heat storage (increasing temperature without phase change) using media like water tanks, rock bins, etc.
    • Latent heat storage (phase change materials-PCM) via materials like salt hydrates and organic compounds.
  • Different storage methods for different purposes
  • Various materials used in thermal storage applications.

TES Periods

  • Short-term: Storing energy for diurnal cycles (e.g., solar for overnight heating)
  • Long-term: Energy storage for seasonal cycles (e.g., summer heat for winter)

TES Methods

  • Sensible heat storage (SHS)
  • Latent heat storage (LHS)

Borehole Thermal Storage System (BTES)

  • A thermal storage system using boreholes in the ground for heating and cooling.

Selection Criteria for TES

  • Storage duration
  • Technical availability
  • Integrability with other thermal systems
  • Reliability
  • Applicability
  • Commercial viability
  • Cost
  • Efficiency
  • Environmental impact
  • Operating strategy
  • Operating conditions

Operating Strategies for TES

  • Full-storage
  • Partial-storage load leveling
  • Partial-storage demand limiting

Major Cold TES Cooling System Types

  • Conventional
  • Ice-making
  • Encapsulated Ice

Exergy and Energy Efficiencies

  • Measurements for evaluating the performance of TES systems.

Case Studies

  • Various case studies focusing on the energy and exergy analysis of various TES systems. Illustrating energy savings and efficiency analysis

Closing Remarks

  • Importance of TES
  • Energy conservation aspects
  • Critical analysis for renewable energy systems

Savings by TES Systems

  • Utilization of waste or surplus (e.g., solar) energy
  • Reduction in demand charges
  • Deferment of capital investment.

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Description

Dive into the fascinating world of energy storage systems with this quiz based on the Introduction to Energy Systems course at OntarioTech University. Explore various techniques, methods, applications, and the technical aspects of thermal energy storage systems. Test your knowledge on how these systems integrate renewable energy resources and contribute to the electrification of transport.

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