Energy Flow in Global Systems - Section 2
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Questions and Answers

What primarily determines a region's climate due to varying solar energy receipt?

  • Insolation (correct)
  • Altitude
  • Latitude
  • Seasonality

The angle of inclination of Earth's axial tilt is 23.5 degrees.

True (A)

What happens to solar energy when it is absorbed by a surface?

It warms the surface.

The ______ refers to lines running parallel to the equator.

<p>latitudes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon occurs during a solstice?

<p>One pole is tilted most toward the sun (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms with their definitions:

<p>Insolation = Amount of solar energy received by a region Albedo = Amount of solar radiation reflected by a surface Angle of Incidence = Angle between sun’s ray and a perpendicular line Equinox = Day where daylight equals nighttime hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

High albedo surfaces absorb more solar radiation.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere?

<p>To absorb and retain thermal energy from the sun.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main method of thermal energy transfer that occurs through the emission of energy as particles or waves?

<p>Radiation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cool air moves from areas of low pressure to areas of high pressure.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius?

<p>specific heat capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Coriolis Effect causes moving air to turn to the ______ in the Northern Hemisphere.

<p>right</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following thermal energy transfer methods with their descriptions:

<p>Conduction = Transfer by direct contact Convection = Transfer by particle movement in fluids Radiation = Emission of energy as waves or particles Coriolis Effect = Deflection due to Earth's rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which substance has a higher specific heat capacity?

<p>Water (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Warmer air exerts more atmospheric pressure than cooler air.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What formula is used to calculate the quantity of thermal energy absorbed or released when the temperature of a substance changes?

<p>Q = mcΔT</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the theoretical specific heat capacity of water?

<p>4.19 J/g · ℃ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Heat is absorbed when ice melts into water.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula to calculate the thermal energy (Q) absorbed or released by a substance?

<p>Q = m × c × ΔT</p> Signup and view all the answers

The heat of fusion for ice is _____ kJ/mol.

<p>6.01</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following thermal processes with their corresponding energy behavior:

<p>Ice melting to water = Heat absorbed Water freezing to ice = Heat released Water boiling to steam = Heat absorbed Steam condensing to water = Heat released</p> Signup and view all the answers

If 500 J of thermal energy is removed from 1.00 kg of water, what is the specific heat capacity of water related to the change in temperature?

<p>$4.19 , J/g , °C$ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The temperature of a substance changes during a phase change.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the experimental specific heat capacity of 20.0 g of aluminum if 574 J of thermal energy causes a temperature increase of 32.0°C?

<p>0.895 J/g · °C</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the theoretical heat of fusion of ice?

<p>6.01 kJ/mol (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The heat of vaporization of water is 6.01 kJ/mol.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much thermal energy is required to completely melt 3.20 mol of ice at 0.0°C?

<p>19.232 kJ</p> Signup and view all the answers

The experimental heat of fusion of ice can be calculated from the thermal energy required to melt ice at __________.

<p>0.0°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the substance with its experimental heat properties:

<p>Water = 40.65 kJ/mol (Hvap) Ice = 6.01 kJ/mol (Hfus) Copper = 0.606 kJ to melt 100 g</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much thermal energy is absorbed when 5.00 g of ice melts?

<p>1.67 kJ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the molar mass of water used to calculate the heat of vaporization?

<p>18.02 g/mol</p> Signup and view all the answers

The theoretical heat of vaporization of water is __________ kJ/mol.

<p>40.65</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which biome is characterized by having less than 25 mm of precipitation and long, cold winters?

<p>Tundra (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Manokwari, which is closer to the equator, has lower insolation.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three months with the lowest average temperature in a typical biome?

<p>December, January, February</p> Signup and view all the answers

The typical precipitation in a grassland biome is around ______ cm per year.

<p>25-27</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following biomes with their characteristics:

<p>Tundra = Winters long and cold, less than 25 mm precipitation Taiga = Coniferous trees, snowy winters with rapid melt Deciduous Forest = Four distinct seasons, varied isolation Rain Forest = High isolation, daily rain, greatest biodiversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Compared to Grande Prairie, Prince Rupert, BC is likely to have ____ seasonal temperature variations.

<p>More (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The average annual precipitation in the desert biome is greater than 25 cm.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What range of precipitation does the Taiga biome receive annually?

<p>35-100 cm</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Insolation

The amount of solar energy received by a region of Earth's surface, measured as energy per unit area.

Angle of Inclination

The tilt of the Earth's axis, which is 23.5 degrees, causing the seasons.

Latitudes

Imaginary lines running parallel to the equator, with 0 degrees at the equator and 90 degrees at the poles.

Angle of Incidence

The angle at which sunlight hits a surface, affecting the amount of energy received.

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Albedo

The ability of a surface to reflect solar radiation.

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Angle of Incidence and Climate

A major determining factor of climate, the angle of incidence relates to how much solar energy is received.

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Greenhouse Gases

Gases in the atmosphere that absorb and retain thermal energy from the sun, like a blanket.

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Greenhouse Effect

The process where greenhouse gases naturally warm the Earth's atmosphere.

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Heat of Fusion (Hfus)

The amount of thermal energy required to melt one mole of a substance at its melting point.

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Heat of Vaporization (Hvap)

The amount of thermal energy required to vaporize one mole of a substance at its boiling point.

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Evaporative Cooling

The process by which evaporation of water cools the surrounding environment.

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Climatograph

A graphical representation showing average temperature and precipitation for each month of a year in a specific location.

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Specific Heat Capacity

The amount of thermal energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius.

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Latent Heat

The amount of thermal energy absorbed or released during a phase change.

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Hydrologic (Water) Cycle

The process by which water molecules constantly move through different phases: liquid, solid, and gas.

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Phase Change

The thermal energy absorbed or released during a phase change where the temperature remains constant.

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Molecule Attraction and Phase Change

During a phase change, thermal energy is absorbed to break attractive bonds between molecules (solid to liquid, liquid to gas) or released when these bonds are formed (gas to liquid, liquid to solid).

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Latent Heat

The amount of thermal energy absorbed or released during a phase change.

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Heat of Fusion

The energy needed to melt a solid.

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Equator and Insolation

Areas located closer to the equator receive more direct sunlight and therefore experience higher insolation compared to areas further away.

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Biome

A large geographical region characterized by a specific range of temperature, precipitation, and adapted organisms, forming a unique ecological community.

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Tundra Biome

Tundra biomes are found in regions just south of the frozen polar seas, characterized by extremely low temperatures, very limited precipitation, and short growing seasons.

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Taiga Biome

Taiga biomes, also known as boreal forests, are located south of the tundra, featuring longer growing seasons, increased precipitation, and are dominated by coniferous trees.

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Deciduous Forest

Deciduous forests experience four distinct seasons with moderate temperatures and precipitation, supporting a diverse array of plants and animals. They are found in both the northern and southern hemispheres.

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Grassland Biome

Grasslands are characterized by open landscapes dominated by grasses, with a prolonged dry season, found in both northern and southern hemispheres.

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Rainforest Biome

Rainforests are located near the equator with high levels of rainfall, warm temperatures year-round, and harbor the greatest biodiversity of all biomes.

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Thermal Energy Transfer

The transfer of thermal energy from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature. Thermal energy is a form of energy related to the motion of atoms or molecules within a substance.

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Radiation (Thermal Energy Transfer)

The emission of energy as particles or waves. Radiation can travel through a vacuum, meaning it doesn't require a medium to transfer energy.

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Conduction (Thermal Energy Transfer)

The transfer of thermal energy through direct contact between substances. Occurs primarily in solids as atoms vibrate and transfer energy to their neighbors.

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Convection (Thermal Energy Transfer)

The transfer of thermal energy through the movement of fluids (liquids and gases). Warmer, less dense fluids rise, while cooler, denser fluids sink, creating a cycle of transfer.

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Atmospheric Pressure

The force exerted by the weight of the atmosphere above a given point on Earth's surface. Warmer air is less dense and exerts lower pressure compared to cooler, denser air.

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Coriolis Effect

The apparent deflection of objects moving across the Earth's surface due to the planet's rotation. This effect causes winds to curve to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere.

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Specific Heat Capacity (c)

The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius. Substances with high specific heat capacity require more energy to heat up and cool down slower.

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Quantity of Thermal Energy (Q)

The quantity of thermal energy absorbed or released when a substance's temperature changes. It is calculated by the formula Q=mcΔT, where Q is the quantity of thermal energy, m is the mass, c is the specific heat capacity, and ΔT is the change in temperature.

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Study Notes

Unit B: Energy Flow in Global Systems - Section 2: Global Energy Transfer

  • Global energy transfer refers to the movement of energy around the Earth.
  • A major source of energy is solar energy, which is radiant energy.
  • Radiant energy is transmitted as electromagnetic wavelengths across a spectrum.
  • Not all regions on Earth receive the same amount of solar energy.
  • Insolation is the amount of solar energy received by a region, per area.
  • Insolation impacts a region's climate.
  • The equator is warmer than the poles due to insolation differences.
  • Earth's axis has a tilt of 23.5° which affects the seasons.
  • Latitudes are imaginary lines parallel to the equator.
  • The equator is 0°, the North pole is 90°N, and the South Pole is 90°S.
  • The angle of inclination influences the length of daylight hours, varying with latitude.
  • A solstice is when Earth's poles are tilted most toward or away from the Sun, while an equinox has equal daylight and nighttime.
  • Angle of incidence affects the spread of sunlight's radiation and energy intensity per area.
  • A higher angle of incidence means more concentrated energy and a "more direct" ray.
  • Lower angle of incidence results in a spread of energy; hence, "less direct" sunlight.
  • Angle of incidence determines climate due to varying insolation.
  • Albedo is the amount of solar radiation reflected by a surface (light-colored surfaces have a high albedo).
  • Reflection leads to cooling, whereas absorption leads to warming.
  • Greenhouse gases absorb and retain thermal energy from the Sun, like water vapor, CO2, CH4, and N2O.
  • A natural greenhouse effect lets some heat escape into space and warms the Earth.
  • Increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere trap more heat, leading to global warming.
  • Thermal energy transfers from high to low temperatures.
  • Conduction transfers heat by direct contact, primarily in solids.
  • Convection transfers heat by moving particles in fluids (liquids and gases).
  • Radiation is the transfer of energy through waves or particles.
  • Thermal energy transfer in the atmosphere includes radiation, conduction, and convection.
  • Atmospheric pressure results from the weight of air above a point on Earth's surface.
  • Warm air is less dense than cold air, leading to rising warmer air, resulting in lower pressure regions.
  • Cooler regions have higher atmospheric pressure.
  • Wind movement arises from high-pressure to low-pressure areas.
  • The Coriolis effect deflects moving air (and wind) to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and left in the Southern Hemisphere, due to Earth's rotation.
  • Coastal breezes result from temperature differences between the land and the sea.
  • Specific heat capacity is the amount of energy needed to change a substance's temperature by 1 °C.
  • Substances with high specific heat capacity take more energy to heat up and cool down slowly.
  • Water has a very high specific heat capacity compared to air.
  • The hydrologic cycle describes the continuous movement of water among different phases (liquid water, solid ice, and water vapor).
  • Changes in phases (solid, liquid, gas) cause heat to be absorbed or released during a phase change.
  • Heat of fusion is the energy needed to change a substance from solid to liquid at its melting point.
  • Heat of vaporization is the energy needed to change a substance from liquid to gas at its boiling point.
  • Climatographs display average temperature and precipitation for each month in a specific location over a year; they help in understanding patterns.
  • Different factors influence regional climates such as insolation, latitude, ocean currents, and proximity to large bodies of water.
  • Earth's biomes display patterns of climate that result in distributed similar biomes over Earth's surface.
  • Biomes are open systems, and they exchange energy with their surroundings.

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Explore the concepts of global energy transfer and insolation in this quiz. Learn how solar energy impacts climate, the significance of Earth's tilt, and how latitudes influence daylight. Test your understanding of these crucial components that define Earth's energy dynamics.

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