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Questions and Answers
Which organelle is responsible for cellular respiration?
Which organelle is responsible for cellular respiration?
Which organelle is responsible for photosynthesis?
Which organelle is responsible for photosynthesis?
Which organelle contains the green pigment chlorophyll?
Which organelle contains the green pigment chlorophyll?
Which organelle has a smooth outer membrane and an inner membrane folded into cristae?
Which organelle has a smooth outer membrane and an inner membrane folded into cristae?
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Which organelle contains enzymes that remove hydrogen atoms from various substances and transfer them to oxygen?
Which organelle contains enzymes that remove hydrogen atoms from various substances and transfer them to oxygen?
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Which organelle forms hydrogen peroxide? H2O2
Which organelle forms hydrogen peroxide? H2O2
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Which organelle has thylakoids and stroma as part of its structure?
Which organelle has thylakoids and stroma as part of its structure?
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Which organelle is responsible for oxidative processes?
Which organelle is responsible for oxidative processes?
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Which organelle is found in nearly all eukaryotic cells?
Which organelle is found in nearly all eukaryotic cells?
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Which organelle is responsible for breaking fatty acids into smaller molecules for fuel?
Which organelle is responsible for breaking fatty acids into smaller molecules for fuel?
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What is the main function of glyoxysomes in plant seeds?
What is the main function of glyoxysomes in plant seeds?
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Which component of the cytoskeleton is the thickest?
Which component of the cytoskeleton is the thickest?
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What is the function of microtubules in cells?
What is the function of microtubules in cells?
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Where do microtubules grow out from in animal cells?
Where do microtubules grow out from in animal cells?
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What is the main function of cilia and flagella?
What is the main function of cilia and flagella?
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What is the structure of cilia and flagella?
What is the structure of cilia and flagella?
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What is the role of microfilaments in cells?
What is the role of microfilaments in cells?
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What is the main function of plant cell walls?
What is the main function of plant cell walls?
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What is the extracellular matrix (ECM) made up of in animal cells?
What is the extracellular matrix (ECM) made up of in animal cells?
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Which organelle is responsible for the metabolic process that uses oxygen to generate ATP?
Which organelle is responsible for the metabolic process that uses oxygen to generate ATP?
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What is the function of peroxisomes in the liver?
What is the function of peroxisomes in the liver?
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What is the main function of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in animal cells?
What is the main function of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in animal cells?
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What the plant cell is made of?
What the plant cell is made of?
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where do Fibronectin and other ECM proteins bind to?
where do Fibronectin and other ECM proteins bind to?
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Which layer of plant cell wall has polysaccharides ( PECTINS ) ?
Which layer of plant cell wall has polysaccharides ( PECTINS ) ?
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Which of the following part of the cytoskeleton has a role in chromosome separation during cell division?
Which of the following part of the cytoskeleton has a role in chromosome separation during cell division?
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What is the main function of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in animal cells?
What is the main function of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in animal cells?
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What are the functions of peroxisomes?
What are the functions of peroxisomes?
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What are the three main types of fibers that make up the cytoskeleton?
What are the three main types of fibers that make up the cytoskeleton?
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What are the functions of microtubules?
What are the functions of microtubules?
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What is the composition of the cell wall in plant cells and what is its main function?
What is the composition of the cell wall in plant cells and what is its main function?
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What are the main layers of plant cell wall?
What are the main layers of plant cell wall?
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Study Notes
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
- Mitochondria are the sites of cellular respiration, generating ATP through oxygen-based metabolic processes.
- Chloroplasts, found in plants and algae, are responsible for photosynthesis.
- Peroxisomes are oxidative organelles, but their relationship to other organelles is unknown.
Mitochondria Structure and Function
- Mitochondria have a smooth outer membrane and an inner membrane folded into cristae, creating two compartments: intermembrane space and mitochondrial matrix.
- Cristae provide a large surface area for enzymes that synthesize ATP.
- Mitochondrial matrix is where some metabolic steps of cellular respiration occur.
Chloroplasts Structure and Function
- Chloroplasts contain the green pigment chlorophyll and enzymes involved in photosynthesis.
- Chloroplasts are found in leaves and other green organs of plants and in algae.
- Chloroplast structure includes thylakoids, membranous sacs stacked to form a granum, and stroma, the internal fluid.
Peroxisomes
- Peroxisomes are specialized metabolic compartments with a single membrane, containing enzymes that remove hydrogen atoms from substances and transfer them to oxygen, forming hydrogen peroxide.
- Functions of peroxisomes include breaking fatty acids into smaller molecules for fuel, detoxifying alcohol and other harmful compounds in the liver, and converting fatty acids to sugar in plant seeds.
Cytoskeleton
- The cytoskeleton provides support and maintains cell shape, interacts with motor proteins to produce cell motility.
- Vesicles and other organelles can use motor protein "feet" to travel along tracks provided by the cytoskeleton.
Components of the Cytoskeleton
- Three main types of fibers make up the cytoskeleton: microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments.
- Microtubules are the thickest, microfilaments are the thinnest, and intermediate filaments have diameters in a middle range.
Microtubules
- Microtubules are hollow rods, 25 nm in diameter, and 200 nm to 25 microns long.
- They are constructed of dimers of tubulin and have functions such as shaping the cell, guiding movement of organelles, and separating chromosomes during cell division.
Centrosomes and Centrioles
- In animal cells, microtubules grow out from a centrosome near the nucleus.
- Centrosomes have a pair of centrioles, each with nine triplets of microtubules arranged in a ring.
Cilia and Flagella
- Microtubules control the beating of flagella and cilia, microtubule-containing extensions that project from some cells.
- Cilia and flagella have a common structure, including a group of microtubules, a basal body, and a motor protein called dynein.
Microfilaments (Actin Filaments)
- Microfilaments are solid rods, 7 nm in diameter, built as a twisted double chain of actin subunits.
- They help support the cell's shape, forming a cortex just inside the plasma membrane.
Cell Walls of Plants
- The cell wall is an extracellular structure that distinguishes plant cells from animal cells.
- Plant cell walls are made of cellulose fibers embedded in other polysaccharides and protein.
- Plant cell walls may have multiple layers, including primary cell wall, middle lamella, and secondary cell wall.
Extracellular Matrix (ECM) of Animal Cells
- Animal cells lack cell walls but are covered by an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM).
- The ECM is made up of glycoproteins such as collagen, proteoglycans, and fibronectin.
- Fibronectin and other ECM proteins bind to receptor proteins in the plasma membrane called integrins.
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Description
Test your knowledge on mitochondria, chloroplasts, and peroxisomes and their role in energy conversion. This quiz will cover topics such as cellular respiration, photosynthesis, and oxidative organelles. Put your understanding to the test and see how well you understand these important energy-converting organelles.
