Energy Balance Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is a calorie?

A unit of measure for energy produced by foods (correct)

A measure of weight

A type of exercise

A vitamin

What does Kcal stand for?

Kilocalorie

Energy balance occurs when energy intake equals energy expenditure.

True

What happens during positive energy balance?

Energy intake is greater than energy expenditure Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during negative energy balance?

Energy intake is less than energy expenditure Signup and view all the answers

What is hunger?

Physiological drive to eat Signup and view all the answers

What are hunger triggers?

Both B and C Signup and view all the answers

What is appetite?

Physiological drive to eat, often in absence of hunger Signup and view all the answers

Define satiety.

Physiological response to having eaten enough Signup and view all the answers

What are some satiety triggers?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What sends hunger and satiety signals in the brain?

Circulating nutrient levels Signup and view all the answers

What is gastric stretching?

Inhibition of further intake of food Signup and view all the answers

What role do gastrointestinal hormones play?

Regulate food intake Signup and view all the answers

What does Ghrelin do?

Stimulates food intake Signup and view all the answers

What does CCK do?

Inhibits food intake Signup and view all the answers

What components make up Total Energy Expenditure (TEE)?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is basal metabolism?

Energy for basic life functions Signup and view all the answers

What is the energy required for physical activity?

15-30% of TEE Signup and view all the answers

What does the thermic effect of food (TEF) represent?

Energy required to process food Signup and view all the answers

Upper-body obesity is characterized by a waist measurement greater than 40 inches in men.

True Signup and view all the answers

What encourages lower-body obesity (gynecoid)?

Estrogen and progesterone Signup and view all the answers

What is juvenile-onset obesity?

Develops in infancy or childhood Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes adult-onset obesity?

Both B and C Signup and view all the answers

How is BMR calculated for men?

11 x body weight (lb) Signup and view all the answers

How is BMR calculated for women?

10 x body weight (lb) Signup and view all the answers

Match the physical activity level with the corresponding calculation:

Inactive = (BMR x 0.3) Average = (BMR x 0.5) Active = (BMR x 0.75) Signup and view all the answers

What is the thermic effect of food calculation?

10% of BMR and PA or 0.1(BMR + PA) Signup and view all the answers

What is the total energy expenditure calculation?

BMR + PA + TEF Signup and view all the answers

What is hydrostatic weighing?

Density in water Signup and view all the answers

What does bioelectrical impedance measure?

Conduction of electrical currents Signup and view all the answers

What is X-ray photon absorptiometry used for?

Determination of body fat Signup and view all the answers

What do skinfold measurements assess?

Thickness of subcutaneous fat Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Key Terms and Definitions

Calorie: Measures the energy produced by foods expressed as heat.
Kcal: Energy required to raise 1 kg of water by 1 degree Celsius.

Energy Balance Concepts

Energy Balance: Achieved when energy intake equals expenditure, leading to stable body weight.
Positive Energy Balance: Occurs when intake exceeds expenditure, causing weight gain.
Negative Energy Balance: Happens when expenditure is greater than intake, resulting in weight loss.

Hunger and Appetite

Hunger: Physiological drive driven by internal cues, prompting food intake.
Hunger Triggers: Low energy in cells and secretion of Ghrelin signal the need to eat.
Appetite: External drive to eat, often independent of actual hunger.
Satiety: Physiological response indicating the body has received enough food.
Satiety Triggers: Include nutrients in the bloodstream, gastric stretching, larger food volumes, and gastrointestinal hormones.

Nutritional Signals

Circulating Nutrient Levels: Nutrients like glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids serve as signals for hunger and satiety.
Gastric Stretching: As food fills the stomach, stretch receptors send signals to the brain to inhibit further intake.
Gastrointestinal Hormones: Released based on food presence in the GI tract to regulate intake.
Ghrelin: Hormone that stimulates appetite.
CCK (Cholecystokinin): Hormone that inhibits food intake.

Total Energy Expenditure (TEE)

Total Energy Expenditure (TEE): Comprises basal metabolism, physical activity, and thermic effect of food (TEF).
Basal Metabolism: Energy for basic life functions, constituting 50-70% of TEE.
Physical Activity: Energy for movement, accounting for 15-30% of TEE.
Thermic Effect of Food (TEF): Energy to digest and process food, making up 10% of TEE.

Obesity Types

Upper-body Obesity (Android): Common in males, characterized by visceral fat; waist measurement >40" (males), >35" (females) indicates higher health risks.
Lower-body Obesity (Gynoid): Predominantly found in females, less health risk than android obesity; often harder to lose fat compared to upper-body.

Onset of Obesity

Juvenile-Onset Obesity: Develops in childhood, marked by an increase in adipose cells, which have a long lifespan and make fat loss challenging.
Adult-Onset Obesity: Begins in adulthood, fewer but larger adipose cells; continued weight gain can lead to an increase in the number of these cells.

Energy Expenditure Calculations

BMR Calculation for Men: Formula is 11 x body weight (in lbs).
BMR Calculation for Women: Formula is 10 x body weight (in lbs).
Physical Activity Calculation: Varies by activity level: inactive (BMR x 0.3), average (BMR x 0.5), active (BMR x 0.75).
TEF Calculation: 10% of combined BMR and physical activity (0.1(BMR + PA)).
Total Energy Expenditure Calculation: BMR + Physical Activity + TEF.

Body Composition Measurement Techniques

Hydrostatic Weighing: Measures body density in water; fat is less dense than lean tissue and floats, but is costly and requires specialized facilities.
Bioelectrical Impedance: Uses electrical currents to assess body fat; fat impedes electrical flow.
X-ray Photon Absorptiometry: Utilizes an x-ray body scan to determine body fat.
Skinfold Measurements: Assesses thickness of subcutaneous fat; more economical but requires trained personnel.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the essential concepts of energy balance with this set of flashcards. Learn key terms like calorie, Kcal, and how they relate to body weight and energy expenditure. Perfect for students looking to understand nutrition science better.