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Energy Balance and Body Weight Quiz

Test your knowledge of energy balance, body weight, and eating disorders with this quiz. Explore the factors influencing body weight, the components of energy output, and the role of hormones like ghrelin and leptin in hunger and satiety. Gain insights into dietary and behavioral recommendations for weight management.

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Questions and Answers

What is the definition of a major mineral?

Needed in larger amounts (> 100mg/day)

Which mineral is found in the highest concentration in the human body?

Calcium

What are three factors that influence calcium absorption and bioavailability?

Vitamin D deficiency, reduced stomach acid secretion, high phosphorus intake

What happens if calcium intake is insufficient?

<p>Takes it from the bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are three signs or symptoms of bulimia nervosa (BN)?

<p>Severe psychological disturbance, Repeated episodes of binge eating, Laxatives</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are three signs a person may have binge eating disorder (BED)?

<p>Eating large amounts of food in a short period, Eating until too full, Guilt after eating</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three components to the female athlete triad?

<p>Low energy availability, Menstrual disturbances, Reduced bone mineral density</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe diabulimia.

<p>Person with diabetes restricts insulin to lose weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is orthorexia characterized by?

<p>Healthy eating becomes an obsession, gets too extreme</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is night eating syndrome characterized by?

<p>Binges take place after the evening meal and during the night</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is muscle dysmorphia characterized by?

<p>Unhealthy preoccupation with the body being too small or not muscular enough</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the treatment options for eating disorders?

<p>Multidisciplinary effort, Outpatient or inpatient treatment options, Innovative therapies</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age is peak bone mass typically achieved?

<p>20-22 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are modifiable risk factors for osteoporosis?

<p>Physical inactivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the key functions of water in human health?

<p>Participating in chemical reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is water balance regulated in the body?

<p>Through intake and output mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the actions of ADH and renin/angiotensin/aldosterone involved in?

<p>Conserving water</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are signs of water toxicity?

<p>Headache, muscle weakness, and confusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is hyponatremia?

<p>Low blood sodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are common signs of dehydration?

<p>Sunken eyes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors influence water needs in the body?

<p>Outdoor temperatures</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are overweight and obesity associated with?

<p>Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical percentage of water in the human body?

<p>60-70%</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the water percentage in males and females compare?

<p>Males have higher water percentage</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe lower obesity, or a 'pear shape,' more common in women?

<p>Lower obesity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors influences a person's body weight?

<p>Global factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the minimum calories the body uses for vital activities when at complete rest?

<p>Basal metabolic rate (BMR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does NEAT (non-exercise activity thermogenesis) refer to?

<p>Involuntary muscle activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone increases with food intake, influencing hunger?

<p>Ghrelin</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the set-point theory suggest about the body's fat content and weight?

<p>They are genetically predetermined</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the desire to eat appealing food?

<p>Appetite</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the components of energy output?

<p>Basal metabolism, physical activity, thermic effect of food, non-exercise activity thermogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors increase Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)?

<p>Growth, exercise, stress, stimulant drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the physiological and psychological factors that influence body weight?

<p>Genes, hormones, food, psychology, exercise, stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the dietary and behavioral recommendations for weight loss?

<p>Portion and calorie control, emphasis on fruits and vegetables, self-monitoring</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended daily intake for a major mineral?

<p>More than 100mg/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a good source of calcium?

<p>Leafy greens</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are three factors that can decrease calcium absorption?

<p>High fiber intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the body's response when blood calcium levels are low?

<p>Release of calcium from bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age is peak bone mass typically achieved?

<p>20-22 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are signs of water toxicity?

<p>Headache, muscle weakness, confusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is hyponatremia?

<p>Low blood sodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical percentage of water in the human body?

<p>60-65%</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is water balance regulated in the body?

<p>Through metabolic water, food, and drink intake as well as output through expired air, perspiration, sweat, urine, and feces</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are modifiable risk factors for osteoporosis?

<p>Low estrogen or testosterone levels, inadequate calcium and vitamin D intake, physical inactivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are common signs of dehydration?

<p>Rapid weight loss, dry mouth, low urine output</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the key functions of water in human health?

<p>Serving as a solvent, transporting substances, regulating body temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the actions of ADH and renin/angiotensin/aldosterone involved in?

<p>Conserving water in response to dehydration, low blood volume, and low blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the desire to eat appealing food?

<p>Craving</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the physiological and psychological factors that influence body weight?

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the factors influencing water needs in the body?

<p>Physical activity, medications, all of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are three signs or symptoms of bulimia nervosa (BN)?

<p>Chronic sore throat, Swollen salivary glands, Worn teeth enamel</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are three signs a person may have binge eating disorder (BED)?

<p>Eating large amounts of food in a short period, Eating until too full, Guilt after eating</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is diabulimia characterized by?

<p>Person with diabetes (usually type 1), restricts insulin to lose weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three components to the female athlete triad?

<p>Low energy availability, Menstrual disturbances, Reduced bone mineral density</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the general characteristics of binge eating disorder (BED)?

<p>Recurrent episodes of binge eating, NOT followed by purging behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is muscle dysmorphia characterized by?

<p>Unhealthy preoccupation with the body being too small or not muscular enough</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where would you refer a UK student who may have an eating disorder?

<p>UK provides counseling</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three components of the female athlete triad?

<p>Low energy availability, Menstrual disturbances, Reduced bone mineral density</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is energy balance?

<p>When energy intake equals energy output</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the components of energy output?

<p>Basal metabolism, physical activity, thermic effect of food, and non-exercise activity thermogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)?

<p>The minimum calories the body uses for vital activities when at complete rest</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does NEAT (non-exercise activity thermogenesis) refer to?

<p>Involuntary skeletal muscle activity that influences energy output, such as fidgeting and body posture</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors influence a person's body weight?

<p>Both internal and external factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the set-point theory suggest about the body's fat content and weight?

<p>They are genetically predetermined</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is hunger?

<p>The physiological need to eat</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone increases with food intake, influencing hunger and satiety?

<p>Ghrelin</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the physiological differences between central obesity and lower obesity?

<p>Central obesity increases the risk of disease, particularly in men</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the key dietary and behavioral recommendations for weight loss?

<p>Emphasis on fruits and vegetables, self-monitoring, intermittent fasting, physical activity, stress management, and adequate sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

What increases Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)?

<p>Growth, exercise, stress, stimulant drugs, and very low-calorie diets</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is central obesity also known as?

<p>Apple shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does NEAT (non-exercise activity thermogenesis) refer to?

<p>Involuntary skeletal muscle activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the physiological need to eat called?

<p>Hunger</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone increases with food intake, influencing hunger and satiety?

<p>Ghrelin</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four components of energy output?

<p>Basal metabolism, physical activity, thermic effect of food, and non-exercise activity thermogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What increases the body's minimum calories used for vital activities when at complete rest?

<p>Growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the set-point theory suggest about the body's fat content and weight?

<p>They are genetically predetermined</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the factors that influence a person's body weight?

<p>Internal factors (genes, hormones), individual factors (food, psychology, exercise, stress), and community factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe lower obesity, or a 'pear shape,' more common in women?

<p>Lower obesity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum calories the body uses for vital activities when at complete rest called?

<p>Basal metabolic rate (BMR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the desire to eat appealing food?

<p>Appetite</p> Signup and view all the answers

What refers to involuntary skeletal muscle activity that influences energy output?

<p>NEAT (non-exercise activity thermogenesis)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Understanding Energy Balance, Body Weight, and Eating Disorders

  • Central obesity, or an "apple shape," increases the risk of disease, particularly in men.
  • Lower obesity, or a "pear shape," with weight carried lower in the body, is more common in women.
  • Energy balance is maintained when energy intake equals energy output.
  • The four components of energy output are basal metabolism, physical activity, thermic effect of food, and non-exercise activity thermogenesis.
  • Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the minimum calories the body uses for vital activities when at complete rest.
  • Factors that increase BMR include growth, exercise, stress, stimulant drugs, and very low-calorie diets.
  • NEAT (non-exercise activity thermogenesis) refers to involuntary skeletal muscle activity, such as fidgeting and body posture, that influences energy output.
  • Factors that influence a person's body weight include internal factors (genes, hormones), individual factors (food, psychology, exercise, stress), community factors, local factors, and global factors.
  • The set-point theory suggests that the body's fat content and weight are genetically predetermined.
  • Hunger is the physiological need to eat, while appetite is the desire to eat appealing food.
  • Ghrelin increases with food intake, while leptin increases with decreased food intake, influencing hunger and satiety.
  • Dietary and behavioral recommendations for weight loss include portion and calorie control, emphasis on fruits and vegetables, self-monitoring, intermittent fasting, physical activity, stress management, and adequate sleep.

Osteoporosis and Water Balance, Obesity and Body Composition

  • Peak bone mass is achieved around 20-22 years, followed by a plateau and decrease after 26-30, with a steeper decline in females due to menopause.
  • Modifiable risk factors for osteoporosis include anorexia nervosa, low estrogen or testosterone levels, inadequate calcium and vitamin D intake, certain medications, physical inactivity, smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption.
  • Recommendations for those at risk of osteoporosis include regular exercise, adequate calcium and vitamin D intake, and refraining from smoking and excessive alcohol consumption.
  • The typical adult male/female is approximately 60% water, with males having a higher percentage due to more muscle mass containing water.
  • Key functions of water in human health include serving as a solvent, transporting substances, regulating body temperature, aiding digestion, participating in chemical reactions, and maintaining proper blood pH.
  • Water balance is regulated through metabolic water, food, and drink intake as well as output through expired air, perspiration, sweat, urine, and feces.
  • Actions of ADH and renin/angiotensin/aldosterone involve conserving water in response to dehydration, low blood volume, and low blood pressure.
  • Signs of water toxicity include headache, muscle weakness, and confusion.
  • Hyponatremia is low blood sodium, often seen in long endurance events with excessive water intake.
  • Common signs of dehydration include rapid weight loss, dry mouth, low urine output, dark urine, no tears, sunken eyes, vomiting/diarrhea, and late thirst.
  • Factors influencing water needs include outdoor temperatures, health conditions, physical activity, medications, nutrient intake, and caffeine/alcohol intake. Adequate intake varies by gender and other factors.
  • Overweight and obesity rates in the US have increased over the years, with many states projected to reach high obesity rates by 2030. Obesity is associated with health problems such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, gout, arthritis, and cancers.

Understanding Energy Balance, Body Weight, and Eating Disorders

  • Central obesity, or an "apple shape," increases the risk of disease, particularly in men.
  • Lower obesity, or a "pear shape," with weight carried lower in the body, is more common in women.
  • Energy balance is maintained when energy intake equals energy output.
  • The four components of energy output are basal metabolism, physical activity, thermic effect of food, and non-exercise activity thermogenesis.
  • Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the minimum calories the body uses for vital activities when at complete rest.
  • Factors that increase BMR include growth, exercise, stress, stimulant drugs, and very low-calorie diets.
  • NEAT (non-exercise activity thermogenesis) refers to involuntary skeletal muscle activity, such as fidgeting and body posture, that influences energy output.
  • Factors that influence a person's body weight include internal factors (genes, hormones), individual factors (food, psychology, exercise, stress), community factors, local factors, and global factors.
  • The set-point theory suggests that the body's fat content and weight are genetically predetermined.
  • Hunger is the physiological need to eat, while appetite is the desire to eat appealing food.
  • Ghrelin increases with food intake, while leptin increases with decreased food intake, influencing hunger and satiety.
  • Dietary and behavioral recommendations for weight loss include portion and calorie control, emphasis on fruits and vegetables, self-monitoring, intermittent fasting, physical activity, stress management, and adequate sleep.

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