Energy Balance and Body Weight Quiz

Understanding Energy Balance, Body Weight, and Eating Disorders

• Central obesity, or an "apple shape," increases the risk of disease, particularly in men.
• Lower obesity, or a "pear shape," with weight carried lower in the body, is more common in women.
• Energy balance is maintained when energy intake equals energy output.
• The four components of energy output are basal metabolism, physical activity, thermic effect of food, and non-exercise activity thermogenesis.
• Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the minimum calories the body uses for vital activities when at complete rest.
• Factors that increase BMR include growth, exercise, stress, stimulant drugs, and very low-calorie diets.
• NEAT (non-exercise activity thermogenesis) refers to involuntary skeletal muscle activity, such as fidgeting and body posture, that influences energy output.
• Factors that influence a person's body weight include internal factors (genes, hormones), individual factors (food, psychology, exercise, stress), community factors, local factors, and global factors.
• The set-point theory suggests that the body's fat content and weight are genetically predetermined.
• Hunger is the physiological need to eat, while appetite is the desire to eat appealing food.
• Ghrelin increases with food intake, while leptin increases with decreased food intake, influencing hunger and satiety.
• Dietary and behavioral recommendations for weight loss include portion and calorie control, emphasis on fruits and vegetables, self-monitoring, intermittent fasting, physical activity, stress management, and adequate sleep.

Osteoporosis and Water Balance, Obesity and Body Composition

• Peak bone mass is achieved around 20-22 years, followed by a plateau and decrease after 26-30, with a steeper decline in females due to menopause.
• Modifiable risk factors for osteoporosis include anorexia nervosa, low estrogen or testosterone levels, inadequate calcium and vitamin D intake, certain medications, physical inactivity, smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption.
• Recommendations for those at risk of osteoporosis include regular exercise, adequate calcium and vitamin D intake, and refraining from smoking and excessive alcohol consumption.
• The typical adult male/female is approximately 60% water, with males having a higher percentage due to more muscle mass containing water.
• Key functions of water in human health include serving as a solvent, transporting substances, regulating body temperature, aiding digestion, participating in chemical reactions, and maintaining proper blood pH.
• Water balance is regulated through metabolic water, food, and drink intake as well as output through expired air, perspiration, sweat, urine, and feces.
• Actions of ADH and renin/angiotensin/aldosterone involve conserving water in response to dehydration, low blood volume, and low blood pressure.
• Signs of water toxicity include headache, muscle weakness, and confusion.
• Hyponatremia is low blood sodium, often seen in long endurance events with excessive water intake.
• Common signs of dehydration include rapid weight loss, dry mouth, low urine output, dark urine, no tears, sunken eyes, vomiting/diarrhea, and late thirst.
• Factors influencing water needs include outdoor temperatures, health conditions, physical activity, medications, nutrient intake, and caffeine/alcohol intake. Adequate intake varies by gender and other factors.
• Overweight and obesity rates in the US have increased over the years, with many states projected to reach high obesity rates by 2030. Obesity is associated with health problems such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, gout, arthritis, and cancers.

Understanding Energy Balance, Body Weight, and Eating Disorders

• Central obesity, or an "apple shape," increases the risk of disease, particularly in men.
• Lower obesity, or a "pear shape," with weight carried lower in the body, is more common in women.
• Energy balance is maintained when energy intake equals energy output.
• The four components of energy output are basal metabolism, physical activity, thermic effect of food, and non-exercise activity thermogenesis.
• Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the minimum calories the body uses for vital activities when at complete rest.
• Factors that increase BMR include growth, exercise, stress, stimulant drugs, and very low-calorie diets.
• NEAT (non-exercise activity thermogenesis) refers to involuntary skeletal muscle activity, such as fidgeting and body posture, that influences energy output.
• Factors that influence a person's body weight include internal factors (genes, hormones), individual factors (food, psychology, exercise, stress), community factors, local factors, and global factors.
• The set-point theory suggests that the body's fat content and weight are genetically predetermined.
• Hunger is the physiological need to eat, while appetite is the desire to eat appealing food.
• Ghrelin increases with food intake, while leptin increases with decreased food intake, influencing hunger and satiety.
• Dietary and behavioral recommendations for weight loss include portion and calorie control, emphasis on fruits and vegetables, self-monitoring, intermittent fasting, physical activity, stress management, and adequate sleep.