Questions and Answers
What is energy?
What is potential energy?
Stored energy that results from the position or composition of an object.
What is kinetic energy?
The energy an object has due to its motion.
Define heat (q).
Signup and view all the answers
What does temperature (T) measure?
Signup and view all the answers
What is meant by a system in chemistry?
Signup and view all the answers
What are surroundings?
Signup and view all the answers
What is an endothermic process?
Signup and view all the answers
What is an exothermic process?
Signup and view all the answers
Describe an endothermic equation.
Signup and view all the answers
Describe an exothermic equation.
Signup and view all the answers
Breaking bonds __________ energy (endo).
Signup and view all the answers
Making bonds __________ energy (exo).
Signup and view all the answers
Substances that absorb and radiate heat QUICKLY have a __________ specific heat capacity.
Signup and view all the answers
Substances that absorb and radiate heat SLOWLY have a __________ specific heat capacity.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the heat capacity of water?
Signup and view all the answers
How many calories (c) are in a Calorie (C)?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the formula q = mc∆T represent?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the process of gas to liquid called?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the process of liquid to gas called?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the process of liquid to solid?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the process of solid to liquid called?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the process of solid to gas called?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the process of gas to solid called?
Signup and view all the answers
What is radiation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is convection?
Signup and view all the answers
What is conduction?
Signup and view all the answers
Define specific heat capacity (c).
Signup and view all the answers
(Convection currents in the mantle) Hot magma __________ while cooler magma __________.
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Energy Concepts
- Energy is the capacity to perform work or produce heat.
- Potential energy is the stored energy originating from the position or composition of an object.
- Kinetic energy is the energy of an object due to its motion.
Heat and Temperature
- Heat (symbol q) refers to energy transferred between objects at different temperatures, moving from hot to cold.
- Temperature (T) is the average energy of motion of particles in a substance.
Systems and Surroundings
- A system is a collection of components working together, with a specific focus.
- Surroundings encompass everything outside the system being studied.
Thermodynamic Processes
- Endothermic reactions involve energy flowing into a system from its surroundings, resulting in a gain of potential energy (+q).
- Exothermic reactions involve energy flowing out of a system to its surroundings, leading to a loss of potential energy (-q).
Reaction Equations
- The endothermic equation format is Reactants + heat → Products.
- The exothermic equation format is Reactants → Products + heat.
Bond Formation and Energy
- Breaking bonds requires energy (endothermic process).
- Making bonds releases energy (exothermic process).
Specific Heat Capacity
- Substances with low specific heat capacity absorb and radiate heat quickly.
- Substances with high specific heat capacity absorb and radiate heat slowly.
- Water's specific heat capacity is 4.184 J/g°C, indicating it is high.
Caloric Values
- There are 1000 calories (c) in one Calorie (C).
Heat Transfer Equation
- The equation q = mcΔT represents heat transfer, where:
- q = heat (in Joules, kJ, or calories)
- m = mass (in grams)
- c = specific heat (in J/g°C)
- ΔT = change in temperature
Phase Changes
- Condensation refers to the transition from gas to liquid.
- Evaporation is the transition from liquid to gas.
- Freezing or solidification describes the transition from liquid to solid.
- Melting indicates the transition from solid to liquid.
- Sublimation is the transition from solid to gas.
- Deposition is the transition from gas to solid.
Energy Transfer Methods
- Radiation is the transfer of energy via rays, waves, or particles (e.g., heat from fire).
- Convection is the transfer of thermal energy through the movement of liquids or gases (e.g., atmospheric wind currents).
- Conduction involves direct heat transfer between substances in contact (e.g., touching a hot surface).
Convection Currents
- In the mantle, hot magma rises while cooler magma sinks, creating convection currents.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge on fundamental energy concepts, thermodynamic processes, and the distinctions between heat and temperature. This quiz covers key definitions and equations relevant to chemistry and physics. Assess your understanding of systems and surroundings in thermodynamics.