Thermodynamics: Specific Heat Concepts
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Questions and Answers

What does the specific heat at constant pressure cp account for that is not included in cv?

  • The heat loss to the environment
  • The energy required for expansion work (correct)
  • The cooling of adjacent systems
  • The temperature increase of the system

Why is cp always greater than cv?

  • cp involves work done on the system during expansion (correct)
  • cv does not consider any phase changes
  • cv is a measure of average molecular speed
  • cp incorporates kinetic energy changes

In thermodynamics, which of the following is true about specific heat at constant pressure and constant volume?

  • They are always equal in any thermodynamic process.
  • cp is greater than cv due to pressure-related work. (correct)
  • cp can never be larger than cv under any conditions.
  • cv is typically measured under open systems.

What primary factor contributes to the necessity of additional energy in cp compared to cv?

<p>Work done against external pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the system when measuring specific heat at constant pressure?

<p>The pressure remains constant while the system expands. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor when considering specific heat at constant pressure?

<p>Temperature of the substance at start (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the relationship between cp and cv?

<p>cp is always greater than cv for real processes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is predicted to be the role of conventional energy sources in the future?

<p>They will serve as a primary source while petroleum use will decrease. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is expected regarding the investment costs for both conventional and new energy technologies?

<p>They are likely to increase, impacting final energy costs for consumers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How will transportation and traffic systems change according to the predictions?

<p>They will adopt alternative energy sources, changing their fundamental nature. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the anticipated outcome of integrating alternative energy sources?

<p>They will partially meet the short-term demands while gaining more importance long-term. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What fundamental strategy is required for finding the best energy source combinations?

<p>A long-term planning system like masterplan or energy strategies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT listed as an environmental factor?

<p>Soil Erosion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which energy source transition is necessary to mitigate environmental degradation?

<p>From conventional energy sources to alternative energy sources. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly reflects the prediction for future energy systems?

<p>New energy technologies will require high investments impacting energy prices. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a predicted outcome of the ongoing use of conventional energy sources?

<p>They will continue to be the core of energy activities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does physical space refer to in environmental factors?

<p>Tangible dimensions of geography including landforms and climate zones (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary objective of the Renewable Energy Safety and Health Rules and Regulations (RESHERR)?

<p>To guide renewable energy developers in workplace safety (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is workplace safety emphasized in the energy sector according to the content?

<p>To minimize human and financial losses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does OSHA stand for in the context of employment and safety requirements?

<p>Occupational Safety and Health Administration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is NOT mentioned as part of employment safety strategies?

<p>Emergency evacuation plans (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a suggested method to mitigate the effects of waste heat discharges from power plants?

<p>Improving the thermal efficiency of power plants (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is emphasized for improving workplace safety in the energy sector?

<p>Ensuring employees use the right tools and equipment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which substance poses a significant health risk to workers in the uranium mining industry?

<p>Radon gas (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Environmental Factors' primarily refer to based on the content?

<p>A combination of land use, employment, and safety considerations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of fly ash produced from coal-fired power plants is commercially utilized?

<p>20% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does safety orientation play in the renewable energy industry?

<p>It serves as a comprehensive introduction to workplace safety (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does adherence to safety regulations affect the supply of electricity?

<p>It ensures a continuous supply by protecting workers from hazards (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary uses of bottom ash produced in coal-fired power plants?

<p>In road ballast manufacture (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of improper disposal of solid wastes generated from coal and uranium mining?

<p>Reduction in land usage efficiency (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of environmental factors, what is an important characteristic of 'land use'?

<p>It includes natural and manmade features affecting land management (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of particulate matter on the thermal energy balance of the Earth?

<p>It provides condensation nuclei, increasing cloud cover. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which materials are primarily found in fly ash released from coal power plants?

<p>Carbon, silica, alumina, and iron oxide. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of pollutants are produced from the combustion of sulfur-bearing fuels?

<p>Sulfur Dioxides (SO2). (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can exhaust gases be treated if complete conversion to CO2 cannot be achieved?

<p>By reacting them with air either thermally or catalytically. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding particulates classified as air pollutants?

<p>They can include dust, pollen, soot, and smoke. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the size range for particles classified as particulates?

<p>Larger than molecular size but smaller than 500 microns. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the adverse effects of particulate matter on health?

<p>Increased incidence of respiratory diseases. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process is used to convert partially oxidized exhaust gases into CO2?

<p>Thermal or catalytic reactions with air. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are general characteristics of particulate pollutants?

<p>They can have harmful effects on health and the environment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes can lead to increased cloud cover?

<p>Presence of condensation nuclei from particulates. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Specific Heat at Constant Pressure (cp)

The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius when the pressure is held constant.

Specific Heat at Constant Volume (cv)

The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius when the volume is held constant.

Relationship between cp and cv

cp is always greater than cv because at constant pressure, the system can expand and some energy is needed to do that work.

Energy Demand

The amount of energy required by a society or an individual to meet its needs.

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Environmental Factors

Factors that affect the production, consumption, and environmental impact of energy.

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Energy Resources

Sources of energy used to produce electricity or power.

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Energy Conversion

The process of transforming one form of energy into another.

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Conventional Energy Sources

Traditional energy sources like fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) and nuclear power, which are widely used but have environmental drawbacks.

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Energy Alternatives

New and renewable energy sources like solar, wind, and hydro power, which are considered more environmentally friendly but often require larger infrastructure.

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Petroleum Substitution

Replacing petroleum (crude oil) with other energy sources like natural gas, renewables, or nuclear to reduce reliance on finite fossil fuels.

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Transportation Transition

Shifting from traditional gasoline-powered vehicles to electric, hydrogen, or biofuel vehicles to reduce emissions and dependence on fossil fuels.

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Environmental Impact of Energy

The negative effects of energy production and consumption on the environment, including air pollution, water contamination, greenhouse gas emissions, and habitat loss.

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Energy Costs

The expenses associated with producing and consuming energy, which can increase due to environmental regulations and the need for advanced technology.

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Long-Term Energy Planning

Developing comprehensive strategies and plans to ensure sustainable and efficient energy production and consumption for the future.

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Land Use Impact

The effects of energy production and infrastructure on land, including changes in land cover, deforestation, and habitat disruption.

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Air Pollutant Emissions

The release of harmful gases and substances into the air during energy production and consumption, contributing to air pollution and health problems.

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Physical Space

The tangible aspects of a geographical area, including landforms, climate zones, ecosystems, natural resources, and physical characteristics.

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Workplace Safety in Energy

Protecting workers in the energy sector from physical harm and financial losses through safety practices and precautions.

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Importance of Correct Tools and Equipment

Using the right tools and equipment helps improve workplace safety and efficiency in the energy sector.

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RESHERR Code of Practices (COPs)

A set of guidelines for renewable energy developers to ensure workplace safety and protect workers from hazards.

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RESHERR COPs Goal

To protect workers from occupational safety hazards while ensuring continuous electricity supply.

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Safety Orientation

A comprehensive introduction to workplace safety specific to the renewable energy industry.

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OSHA Guidelines

Established safety standards and rules set by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration.

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Adhering to OSHA Guidelines

Following OSHA safety requirements and strategies to minimize risks in the workplace.

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Safety in Renewable Energy

Implementing safety measures specific to wind, solar, and other renewable energy projects.

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Protecting Workers in Renewable Energy

Ensuring the safety and health of employees involved in developing and maintaining renewable energy sources.

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Waste Heat Control

Reducing the heat discharged from power plants, often by improving efficiency or distributing it through large volumes of air or water.

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Radiation in the Nuclear Industry

Radiation hazards start with uranium mining, primarily from the decay of uranium-238 into lead-206, releasing alpha particle-emitting radon gas.

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Radon Exposure

Radon gas, released during uranium mining, is chemically inert and diffuses into the mine atmosphere, posing a respiratory health hazard to workers.

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Solid Waste in Coal Mining

Coal mining, uranium mining, and shale oil extraction generate large amounts of solid waste, including culm banks and coal waste piles.

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Fly Ash Utilization

Fly ash, a byproduct of coal combustion, is used as a soil conditioner, concrete additive, and asphalt mix component.

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Incomplete Combustion

A combustion process where not all fuel is fully converted to CO2, resulting in the release of incomplete combustion products like CO.

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Exhaust Gas Treatment

Methods used to convert incomplete combustion products in exhaust gases to CO2, either through thermal or catalytic reactions.

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Particulates

Solid or liquid particles bigger than molecules but smaller than 500 microns, found in the air. Examples include dust, soot, smoke, and pollen.

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Fly Ash

A type of particulate released from coal power plants. It's a mixture of carbon, silica, alumina, and iron oxide.

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Particulate Matter Effects

Particulate matter in the atmosphere can have adverse effects on materials, human health, and the Earth's thermal energy balance.

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Condensation Nuclei

Particulate matter that acts as a surface for water vapor to condense onto, potentially increasing cloud cover and affecting solar energy reflection.

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Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)

A gas released during the combustion of sulfur-containing fuels, like coal and oil. It's often released from power plants.

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SO2 Emission Sources

Power plants using sulfur-rich fuels (like coal) are major sources of sulfur dioxide emissions.

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Sulfur Dioxide Impact

SO2 can contribute to acid rain, respiratory problems, and damage to vegetation.

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Combating Sulfur Dioxide

Efforts to reduce sulfur dioxide emissions include using low-sulfur fuels, installing cleaning technologies (scrubbers) and implementing emission regulations.

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Study Notes

Course Information

  • Course title: Environmental Science and Engineering
  • Course code: EAAC0423
  • Department: Mechanical Engineering
  • University: Bataan Peninsula State University
  • Instructor: Engr. Andrea Shane M. Torres
  • Course level: BSME (3A, 3B, 3C)

Energy

  • Energy is the capacity to do work.
  • Energy exists in numerous forms.
  • The sum of these forms constitutes the total energy of a system.

Main Types of Energy

  • Kinetic Energy: The energy a system possesses due to its motion relative to a reference frame.
  • Potential Energy: The energy a system possesses due to its elevation in a gravitational field.

Energy Interactions

  • Heat: Energy transferred between two systems due to a temperature difference.
    • Heat transfer occurs from higher temperature to lower temperature.
    • Heat transfer stops when both systems reach the same temperature.
  • Adiabatic Process: A process with no heat transfer.
    • This can occur through insulation or if the system and surroundings are at the same temperature.
  • Work: Energy interaction between a system and its surroundings that isn't caused by a temperature difference.
    • Work is defined as force acting through a distance.
    • Examples include a rising piston, a rotating shaft, and electricity.

First Law of Thermodynamics

  • Energy cannot be created or destroyed but can change forms.

Enthalpy

  • Enthalpy is the sum of internal energy and the product of pressure and volume of a thermodynamic system.
  • Changes in enthalpy are equal to the heat transferred at constant pressure.
  • Enthalpy is also known as the latent heat of vaporization, or fusion.

Specific Heat

  • Specific heat is the energy required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by one degree.
    • Specific heat at constant volume (cv): Volume remains constant during temperature change.
    • Specific heat at constant pressure (cp): Pressure remains constant during temperature change.
    • cp is always greater than cv because energy is needed for expansion work in constant pressure.

Energy System

  • Components of an energy system:
    • Energy demand
    • Environmental factors
    • Energy resources
    • Energy conversion

Energy Sources

  • Conventional energy sources are still important.
  • Alternatives and renewable sources will increase in importance.
  • Transportation and traffic need to shift to cleaner energy.
  • Investments are needed to improve energy technology and the environment.

Environmental Factors

  • Land Use: Physical space—landforms, climate zones, ecosystems, natural resources, other physical characteristics.
  • Employment and Safety: Workplace safety for reducing human and financial losses in the energy sector; use of proper tools and equipment; adherence to guidelines like OSHA.
  • Air Pollutants: Includes carbon monoxide, particulates, sulfur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, hydrocarbons, and carbon dioxide.
  • Water Quality: Discharges of waste heat may be managed by improving thermal efficiency of power plants or distributing waste energy.
  • Radiation: Radon in uranium-bearing ore mining presents a major health problem.
  • Solid Wastes: Large amounts of solid wastes are generated in coal mining, uranium mining, and shale oil recovery.
  • Noise: Regulated noise levels for different workplaces.

Energy Resources

  • Hydropower: Using potential energy of water stored behind dams to generate electricity
  • Geothermal: Capturing geothermal energy from underground hot water or steam.
  • Sun (Solar): Solar energy is used in solar panels or solar thermal collectors for electricity or heating.
  • Biomass: Organic matter is burned for heat or converted into alternative fuels.
  • Natural gas and liquids: Includes different categories of natural gas and recoverable liquid fuels (often supplementing other fuels).
  • Refuse: Combustible waste (cardboard, plastics) can be processed as an energy source.

Energy Conversion

  • Centralized and Decentralized Power Plants: Large-scale plants versus smaller-scale decentralized plants.
  • Fuel Cells: Direct conversion devices for converting various sources into electricity.
  • Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD): System that uses conductive gases in magnetic fields for generating electricity.

Energy Strategies

  • Long-range development and exploitation plans for different energy systems.
  • Annual consumption and structure of primary energy.
  • Annual costs for energy operations.
  • Equipment requirements and capacity investment for each process.
  • Ratio of indigenous energy to imported energy.
  • Sites for future energy plants.
  • Impact of new technologies on the current energy system.

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EAAC0423 Environmental Science & Engineering Lecture Notes PDF

Description

Test your understanding of specific heat at constant pressure (cp) and constant volume (cv) in thermodynamics. This quiz covers the differences between cp and cv, their implications, and the energy dynamics involved. Explore how these concepts affect energy sources and their future.

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