Energy and Metabolism Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which macronutrient provides the highest amount of energy per gram?

  • Carbohydrates
  • Vitamins
  • Fats (correct)
  • Proteins

What is the impact of thyroid hormones on basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

  • They decrease BMR in all individuals.
  • They only affect BMR in children.
  • They increase BMR in hyperthyroidism. (correct)
  • They have no effect on BMR.

How does body surface area influence BMR?

  • A greater body surface area results in a higher BMR. (correct)
  • Body surface area has no relation to BMR.
  • Individuals with equal body surface area have identical BMR.
  • Larger surface area lowers BMR.

Which factor is known to decrease the basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

<p>Starvation or abrupt calorie reduction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to metabolic rate as a person ages?

<p>It declines. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

<p>The energy required for basic physiological functions at rest. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does energy balance refer to?

<p>The relationship between energy intake and energy expenditure. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does NOT contribute to a person's energy output?

<p>Eating and digesting food. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a kilocalorie (kcal)?

<p>A unit measuring the energy supplied by all nutrients. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nutrient is NOT a direct source of calories for the body?

<p>Vitamins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Energy and Metabolism

  • Metabolism refers to the chemical reactions in the body that release energy from food.
  • A calorie is a unit of heat energy.
  • Kilocalories (kcal) are used to express the energy in food.
  • One gram of carbohydrates, protein, and fat contain 4, 4, and 9 kcal respectively.
  • The basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the amount of energy required to maintain essential bodily functions at rest.

Energy Balance

  • Energy balance is the relationship between energy intake and energy expenditure.
  • Factors affecting energy expenditure include physical activity, BMR, and specific dynamic action (SDA).
  • SDA is the extra energy used by the body to process food.

Factors Affecting BMR

  • Body surface area: Taller people have higher BMRs.
  • Sex: Males have higher BMRs due to a greater lean body mass.
  • Body temperature: Fever increases BMR
  • Hormones: Thyroid hormones stimulate metabolism leading to higher BMR in hyperthyroidism and lower in hypothyroidism.
  • Age: BMR declines with age.
  • Diet: Starvation or calorie restriction significantly reduces BMR.
  • Pregnancy/breastfeeding: Increase metabolic rate.
  • Environment: Cold climates result in higher BMR compared to warm climates.
  • Rapid growth & development: Infancy, growth spurts, recovery from illness or injury increase BMR
  • Disease states: BMR is higher in certain conditions like cardiac failure, leukemia, and hypertension.
  • Weight: Higher weight leads to higher BMR.
  • Exercise: Regular exercise builds lean tissue which raises BMR and results in higher calorie expenditure.

Body Weight and Body Mass Standards

  • Ideal body weight refers to the optimal weight for good health.
  • Body Mass Index (BMI) is a more reliable indicator of healthy weight, based on height and weight.
  • BMI is calculated by dividing weight in kilograms by the square of height in meters.
  • BMI is a general indicator and may not be accurate for individuals with fluid retention, athletes, or the elderly.

Caloric Needs

  • Total Daily Energy Expenditure (TDEE) is the total number of calories burned by the body in 24 hours.
  • Calculating TDEE involves accounting for BMR, physical activity, and SDA.
  • Example calculations for individuals with varying levels of work demonstrate the energy requirements for different daily activities.
  • The caloric requirements for different work types are:
    • Light work: 2100-2600 kcal/day
    • Moderate work: 2500-3000 kcal/day
    • Heavy work: 3000-3500 kcal/day
    • Very heavy work: 3500-4000 kcal/day

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