Podcast
Questions and Answers
Nicotine and caffeine have a positive impact on overall health and well-being.
Nicotine and caffeine have a positive impact on overall health and well-being.
False (B)
Which of the following factors can increase Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)?
Which of the following factors can increase Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)?
For every 0.5 degree rise in body temperature, there is a ______ increase in BMR.
For every 0.5 degree rise in body temperature, there is a ______ increase in BMR.
7%
What is the effect of prolonged exposure to high temperatures on Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)?
What is the effect of prolonged exposure to high temperatures on Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)?
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Match the hormonal conditions with their effects on Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR):
Match the hormonal conditions with their effects on Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR):
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Basal metabolic rate (BMR) represents the energy expenditure required to maintain basic bodily functions at rest.
Basal metabolic rate (BMR) represents the energy expenditure required to maintain basic bodily functions at rest.
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Which of the following factors does NOT directly influence Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)?
Which of the following factors does NOT directly influence Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)?
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During ______ and ______, the BMR is lower.
During ______ and ______, the BMR is lower.
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Which of the following processes is NOT part of digestion?
Which of the following processes is NOT part of digestion?
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Excretion refers to the absorption of nutrients into the blood or lymph systems.
Excretion refers to the absorption of nutrients into the blood or lymph systems.
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What is the primary function of metabolism?
What is the primary function of metabolism?
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Basal metabolism is the energy needed to maintain essential functions when a person is at complete ______.
Basal metabolism is the energy needed to maintain essential functions when a person is at complete ______.
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What is the correct formula representing energy balance?
What is the correct formula representing energy balance?
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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What does catabolism refer to in metabolism?
What does catabolism refer to in metabolism?
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1 pound of pure fat contains approximately 4,050 calories.
1 pound of pure fat contains approximately 4,050 calories.
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Which factor does NOT directly influence a person's food choices?
Which factor does NOT directly influence a person's food choices?
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Body image can affect an individual's diet and food choices.
Body image can affect an individual's diet and food choices.
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What are the five processes involved in the body’s use of nutrients?
What are the five processes involved in the body’s use of nutrients?
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The mechanical and chemical processes that convert nutrients into a physically absorbable state are called __________.
The mechanical and chemical processes that convert nutrients into a physically absorbable state are called __________.
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Which factor could enhance the convenience of food choices?
Which factor could enhance the convenience of food choices?
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Match the following factors with their respective influences on diet and food choices:
Match the following factors with their respective influences on diet and food choices:
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Economic status has no bearing on an individual's food choices.
Economic status has no bearing on an individual's food choices.
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What is the first step in the physiological process of nutrition?
What is the first step in the physiological process of nutrition?
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Which of the following is NOT classified as a macronutrient?
Which of the following is NOT classified as a macronutrient?
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Nutrition solely focuses on the consumption of food without considering the body's interaction with it.
Nutrition solely focuses on the consumption of food without considering the body's interaction with it.
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What is the definition of a healthy diet?
What is the definition of a healthy diet?
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The science that interprets the interaction of nutrients and substances in food is called _____
The science that interprets the interaction of nutrients and substances in food is called _____
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Match the following nutrients with their classifications:
Match the following nutrients with their classifications:
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What is the main factor influencing diet and food choices?
What is the main factor influencing diet and food choices?
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Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is influenced by factors such as age and body composition.
Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is influenced by factors such as age and body composition.
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List the two main classifications of nutrients.
List the two main classifications of nutrients.
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What is the primary method for measuring calories in food?
What is the primary method for measuring calories in food?
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Appetite is solely a physiological response to hunger.
Appetite is solely a physiological response to hunger.
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What hormone controls satiety?
What hormone controls satiety?
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The _____ effect of food is an estimation of energy required to process food.
The _____ effect of food is an estimation of energy required to process food.
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Which food type has the highest satiating effect?
Which food type has the highest satiating effect?
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How does physical activity affect energy expenditure?
How does physical activity affect energy expenditure?
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Digestion and voluntary activities are included in Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR).
Digestion and voluntary activities are included in Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR).
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Which factor contributes to a higher Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)?
Which factor contributes to a higher Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)?
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BMR decreases with advancing age.
BMR decreases with advancing age.
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What happens to the BMR of pregnant women in the third trimester?
What happens to the BMR of pregnant women in the third trimester?
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During ______, the BMR is generally lower due to decreased energy needs.
During ______, the BMR is generally lower due to decreased energy needs.
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Match the following factors to their impact on BMR:
Match the following factors to their impact on BMR:
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Which of the following statements about gender and BMR is correct?
Which of the following statements about gender and BMR is correct?
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Children have a lower BMR compared to adults.
Children have a lower BMR compared to adults.
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What is the relationship between body size and BMR?
What is the relationship between body size and BMR?
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Study Notes
Biochemistry and Nutrition - Energy Balance
- Nutrition is the science that interprets the interaction of nutrients and substances in food to maintain, grow, reproduce, be healthy, and prevent disease.
- Adequate nutrition is critical in patient care.
- Understanding proper food intake is the first step to a healthier lifestyle.
- Nurses play a crucial role in educating clients on healthy eating habits to improve their health.
Definition of Nutrition
- Nutrition is the science that interprets the interaction of nutrients and substances in food, related to maintenance, growth, reproduction, health, and disease of an individual.
- The act of consuming and using food for energy, maintenance, and growth defines nutritional processes.
Definition of Food
- Food, typically of plant or animal origin, consists of essential nutrients: carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, and minerals.
- Food is digested and assimilated by an organism to generate energy, stimulate growth, and sustain life.
Healthy Diet
- A balanced diet contains macronutrients, calories for energy, and micronutrients for overall nutritional needs.
Classification of Nutrients
- Nutrients are categorized into macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and water) and micronutrients (vitamins and minerals).
Factors Influencing Diet and Food Choices
- Individual preferences and habits significantly influence food intake.
- Understanding these factors is essential in providing optimal nutritional care.
- Nurses are responsible for assessing and recognizing factors that influence a client's eating habits.
- Factors like preference, habit, gender, values, occupation, body image, emotional state, association, age, medical condition, health and nutrition, ethnic heritage and tradition, social interaction, advertising, religious practices and culture, as well as availability, convenience, and economy all influence diet choices.
Physiology of Nutrition
- Ingestion: Taking food into the digestive tract, typically through the mouth.
- Digestion: Mechanical and chemical processes to convert nutrients into absorbable forms. This includes mastication (chewing), deglutition (swallowing), and peristalsis.
- Absorption: The process of digested food products passing through the intestines into the blood or lymph systems.
- Metabolism: The body's conversion of nutrients into energy.
- Excretion: The process of eliminating waste products from the body.
Energy Balance: Input vs Output
- Energy balance is determined by energy input (calories consumed) and energy output (basal metabolic rate [BMR], thermic effect of food, physical activity).
- A balanced energy budget leads to stable weight.
- Energy input must match energy output to maintain weight.
- Food intake equal to physical activity maintains weight.
Body Weight
- Body composition is the proportion of muscle, bone, fat, and other tissues. It's measured based on the relationship between lean and fat tissues.
- Achieving healthy weight involves meticulous management of energy balance. Achieving a balance in your nutritional choices will help to maintain your weight.
Energy Balance
- Balanced energy budget means when the intake and output of energy are roughly equal. A change in energy stores is equal to the energy intake (measured in calories) minus energy expenditure (based on metabolism and physical activity).
Energy In
- Calories consumed per day define energy intake.
- One pound of pure fat contains 4050 calories (9 calories per gram x 450 grams). It's important to remember that body fat contains water, fat, and protein, with roughly 3,500 calories per pound.
- Nutrients are obtained by measuring their heat energy using a calorimeter.
- Caloric content for many commonly consumed foods can be found in composition tables or on food labels.
Energy Out
- Thermic effect of food is an estimation of the energy needed to process food. This accounts for approximately 10% of the total energy intake.
- Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) is the body's energy use for basal metabolism. Different proportions of body energy are used for BMR and physical activity.
- Physical activity is a significant factor influencing energy expenditure.
Energy Out: Physical Activity, Thermic Effect of Food and Basal Metabolic Rate
- Percentage of energy expenditure during physical activity (25% to 50%).
- Percentage of energy expenditure by thermic effect of food (5% to 10%).
- Percentage of energy expenditure by basal metabolic rate (BMR) (50% to 65%).
Thermic Effect of Food
- The specific dynamic effect of food is energy used for digestion and food absorption.
- Diet-induced thermogenesis increases metabolic rate, but excess food intake can result in weight gain.
- Different nutrients (carbohydrates, fats, proteins, alcohol) have varying thermic effects (5-10% for carbohydrates, 0-5% for fat, 20-30% for protein, and 20% for alcohol).
Factors Affecting BMR
- Age, gender, growth and pregnancy, body size and composition, fasting or starvation, activity, smoking/caffeine, fever/stress, and hormones all impact BMR.
- BMR decreases with age, it's highest in infancy, decreases thereafter during aging, and is related to the ratio of lean to fat tissue (more lean tissue, higher BMR).
- Males generally have a higher BMR than females due to muscle mass, with the difference being greater in older individuals.
- Pregnant women's BMR is higher in the later stages of pregnancy due to fetal metabolism.
- Active individuals have higher BMR than inactive individuals due to lean tissues and increased activity.
- Fasting or starvation lowers BMR as the body conserves energy.
- Smoking and caffeine increase energy expenditure and BMR, although this is not a healthy practice.
- Illness, fever, and stress increase BMR.
What Makes Us Eat
- Hunger is a physiological need to eat.
- Appetite is a desire to eat sparked by sight, smell, or thoughts of food. Appetite is a learned behaviour, affected by experience.
What Makes Us Stop Eating
- Satiation refers to the feeling of fullness that gradually develops during a meal.
- Satiation cues, such as stomach stretching and chemical messages, signal the brain.
- Neurotransmitters produced in response trigger the decrease in eating.
- Satiety determines the duration between meals.
- The perception of fullness influences the duration of eating.
Additional Notes
- Energy balance is the critical factor influencing body weight.
- Individual variation exists in metabolism and energy needs, impacting weight management.
- A balanced diet, combined with regular physical activity, can help maintain a healthy weight. Understanding factors that influence eating habits are necessary to assist clients to achieve success in weight management.
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Description
Test your knowledge on Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) and its influencing factors. This quiz covers the impact of temperature, hormones, and other conditions on BMR, providing insights into energy expenditure at rest. Challenge yourself with questions to enhance your understanding of metabolism.
