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Questions and Answers
What does the gastrocolic reflex primarily influence in older adults?
What does the gastrocolic reflex primarily influence in older adults?
What is the primary cause of constipation?
What is the primary cause of constipation?
Which of the following is NOT a part of the course outline for nursing care?
Which of the following is NOT a part of the course outline for nursing care?
Which movement is responsible for the forward propulsion of intestinal content?
Which movement is responsible for the forward propulsion of intestinal content?
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What is the main reason for using suctioning in nursing care?
What is the main reason for using suctioning in nursing care?
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Which of the following conditions can lead to increased peristalsis during defecation?
Which of the following conditions can lead to increased peristalsis during defecation?
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What color of feces may indicate a lack of bile pigment?
What color of feces may indicate a lack of bile pigment?
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Which dietary approach is effective in managing diarrhea?
Which dietary approach is effective in managing diarrhea?
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What role does position during defecation play in gastrointestinal health?
What role does position during defecation play in gastrointestinal health?
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Which method allows for nutritional support for patients who cannot eat orally?
Which method allows for nutritional support for patients who cannot eat orally?
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Which of the following is an abnormal shape of feces?
Which of the following is an abnormal shape of feces?
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What is a common therapeutic intervention in response to severe constipation?
What is a common therapeutic intervention in response to severe constipation?
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What is the primary management strategy for fecal impaction?
What is the primary management strategy for fecal impaction?
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Identifying risk factors for acute problems in mother and child care is essential for which purpose?
Identifying risk factors for acute problems in mother and child care is essential for which purpose?
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What common bowel problem is characterized by the passage of liquid feces?
What common bowel problem is characterized by the passage of liquid feces?
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How does effective oxygenation impact maternal and child health?
How does effective oxygenation impact maternal and child health?
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What factor is most associated with the development of bowel incontinence?
What factor is most associated with the development of bowel incontinence?
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Which of the following tasks relates directly to ensuring patient safety during suctioning?
Which of the following tasks relates directly to ensuring patient safety during suctioning?
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Which psychological factor is a major cause of diarrhea?
Which psychological factor is a major cause of diarrhea?
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What is a common characteristic of feces in adults?
What is a common characteristic of feces in adults?
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Flashcards
Bowel Movement
Bowel Movement
The passage and dispelling of stools through the intestinal tract by smooth muscles.
Constipation
Constipation
A condition caused by insufficient fiber, fluid intake, or activity leading to hard stools.
Diarrhea
Diarrhea
The passage of liquid feces with increased frequency of defecation, often due to stress.
Fecal Impaction
Fecal Impaction
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Normal Feces Color
Normal Feces Color
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Factors Affecting Bowel Movement
Factors Affecting Bowel Movement
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Odor of Feces
Odor of Feces
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Types of Enema
Types of Enema
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Peristalsis
Peristalsis
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Haustral Churning
Haustral Churning
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Oxygenation
Oxygenation
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Suctioning
Suctioning
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Enema Administration
Enema Administration
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NGT Feeding
NGT Feeding
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Gastrocolic Reflex
Gastrocolic Reflex
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Position During Defecation
Position During Defecation
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Pathologic Conditions
Pathologic Conditions
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Surgery
Surgery
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Anesthesia
Anesthesia
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Study Notes
Course Outline: Revalida
- Oxygenation
- Suctioning
- Enema Administration
- NGT Feeding
- Basic Life Support
Enema Administration
- Bowel Movement: Passage and dispelling of stools
- Large Intestine: Cecum, ascending, descending, primary organ of bowel stimulation, absorption of water and nutrients after eating, protection from acids through mucus, three movements (haustral churning, peristalsis, mass peristalsis)
- Feces: 75% water, 25% solid, color can vary (brown, yellow, black/tarry, clay/white, red, orange/green, yellow), Odor (normal: aromatic, abnormal: pungent), Shape (normal: cylindrical, abnormal: narrow, pencil-shaped)
Common Bowel Problems
- Diarrhea: Passage of liquid feces, increased frequency of defecation, causes include stress, management includes replacing fluids and electrolytes, good perianal care, promoting rest, BRAT, low-fiber diet
- Constipation: Insufficient fiber and fluid intake, insufficient activity, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), management includes adequate fluid intake, high fiber, establishing a regular elimination pattern, responding immediately to urges
- Bowel Obstruction: Insufficient fiber and fluid intake, insufficient activity, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), management includes adequate fluid intake, high fiber, establishing a regular elimination pattern, responding immediately to urges
- Fecal Impaction: Mass or collection of hardened feces in folds or rectum, management includes manual extraction/fecal disimpaction, increasing fluid intake, bulk diet
- Bowel Incontinence: Loss of voluntary ability to control fecal and gaseous discharges.
- Flatulence: Sources include food, swallowed air, bacteria on chyme, abdominal surgery, management includes avoiding gas-forming food, consuming warm fluids, early ambulation for postoperative care
Nursing Process
- Assessing: Nursing history (normal pattern, description of usual feces, recent changes, bowel elimination problems), physical exam (abdomen, rectum, anus), auscultation before palpating, inspecting feces (color, consistency, shape, amount, odor), Diagnostic Studies (review of related data)
- Diagnosing: Risk of deficient fluid volume, maintaining normal stool consistency, planning for home care
- Planning: Privacy, timing, nutrition and fluids, exercise, positioning (commode, bedpan), cathartics, laxatives, teaching about medications (suppositories, antidiarrheal medicine, antiflatulence medication - carminatives)
Enema
- Purpose: Wash and cleanse the colon, aid in expulsion of feces, contract intestinal tissues and expel flatus, and soothe and protect intestines
- Assessment: Presence of abdominal sounds, inspect color, consistency, and odor of feces
- Special Considerations: Enema should be given with client on bed
Types of Enema
- Cleansing Enema: Adult: 500-1000ml, Child/Toddler, Infant <250 ml
- Hypertonic Enema: Draws water into colon
- Hypotonic Enema: Distends colon, stimulates peristalsis, softens feces
- Isotonic Enema: Physiological, normal saline, safest, exerts same osmotic pressure
- High Enema: Clean rectum and sigmoid colon
- Carminative Enema: Expel flatus
- Retention Enema: Holds bowel content for a set duration.
Nasogastric Tube
- Type of medical catheter inserted through the nose into the stomach for limited time
- Main Types: Single Lumen (Levin, Dobhoff), Double Lumen (Salem Sump).
- Indications: Decompress stomach, administer medications/nutrition, empty stomach to prevent aspiration, remove blood from GI bleeding, obtain sample of gastric contents, lavage for poisoning/overdose, provide antidote, feeding, drainage, suction,
- Contraindications: Severe maxillofacial trauma, nasopharyngeal/esophageal obstruction.
Assessment
- Nursing history, description of usual feces, physical exam (abdomen, rectum, anus); auscultate before palpating; inspect feces (color, consistency, shape, amount, odor), note any related diagnostic studies
Diagnosing
- Patient Risk for Deficient Fluid Volume and planning care to maintain normal stool consistency, patient-centered considerations for home care.
Implementing
- Patient privacy, timing, meal/fluid intake, exercise, positioning, medications (cathartics, laxatives, suppositories, antidiarrheal, etc.), appropriate teaching/education, appropriate assistive devices as required for safe and effective implementation
Radiographic Verification
- Chest X-ray, gold standard
- PH testing, first-line method
- Normal pH in first-line test: 5-6
Observation of Bubbles
- Check for feeding tube placement (gastric or respiratory) via bubble test
Auscultation
- Instill air into feeding tube to confirm tube placement. A whooshing sound indicates tube placement.
Basic Life Support
- Legal Basis (AO 168 s. 2014)
Emergency Action Principle
- Plan of action for emergency situations to ensure responder safety, victim well-being, increasing the victim's chances of survival. Steps include survey of scene, activate medical assistance, primary survey of victim, secondary assessment
Scene Size-up and Scene Safety
- Use human senses to detect hazards, listen for unusual sounds, smell for unusual odors
Activate Medical Assistance
- Communicate with EMS, providing pertinent information (what happened, location, number of persons injured, extent of injury and first aid, telephone number from you are calling), follow instructions.
Primary Survey of Victim
- Check for responsiveness (Carotid Pulse - adult & children, Brachial Pulse - infant).
Secondary Assessment
- Interview (SAMPLE - Signs and symptoms, Allergies, Medications, Past medical history, Last oral intake, Events prior to injury or accident), Head-to-toe assessment
Referral of Victim
- Transfer victim to the hospital or healthcare facility for further evaluation and management.
Advance Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) / Prolonged Life Support (PLS)
- Advanced cardiac life support (ACLS)
- Cardiac monitoring, stabilization, definitive therapy, communication, transportation
- Prolonged life support (PLS), post-resuscitative and long-term resuscitation
Chain of Survival
- Adult and Pediatric chains of survival (with activation of emergency response, high-quality CPR, defibrillation, advanced resuscitation, and post-cardiac arrest care and recovery)
Types of Death
- Cardiac arrest (includes several heart rhythm conditions)
- Clinical Death (loss of heart function)
- Biological Death (irreversible brain damage)
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)
- Procedure for a person who is not breathing and whose heart has stopped beating (external chest compression and rescue breathing). Goal of CPR to prolong life.
Modalities of CPR
- External Chest Compression.
- CPR 5 Cycle Technique
When Not to Start CPR
- Patient has a valid DNR order
- Patient has signs of irreversible death
- No physiological benefit expected
- Operator exhausted, cannot continue
When to Stop CPR
- Spontaneous signs of circulation are restored
- Turned over to qualified medical personnel or trained staff
- Physician assumes responsibility and declares death
- Scene becomes unsafe
Bandaging
- Use any clean cloth / sterile material to hold the dressing in place.
- Use dressing to provide wound support or immobilize a body part
Types of Bandages
- Roller Bandage
- Triangular Bandage
Dressings
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Description
This quiz focuses on the key aspects of enema administration and common bowel problems such as diarrhea and constipation. It covers physiological concepts of bowel movements, the role of the large intestine, and management strategies for bowel-related issues. Understand these critical nursing skills and enhance your patient care knowledge.
