Endosymbiotic Theory and Evidence Quiz

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Which type of viral infection involves the virus remaining dormant within the host and later reactivating?

Lytic infection
Oncogenic infection
Acute infection
Latent infection (correct)

What distinguishes prions from other infectious agents?

They are larger in size than viruses
They are resistant to destruction by cooking (correct)
They infect only plants
They contain both proteins and nucleic acids

Which virus is an example of an oncogenic infection that can lead to cancer?

Hepatitis A virus
Influenza virus
Herpes simplex virus
Human papillomavirus (HPV) (correct)

How do vaccinations and antiviral drugs differ in combating viral infections?

Vaccinations prevent infection, while antiviral drugs kill viruses directly (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary route of transmission for plant viroids?

Host cell machinery (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between the lytic and lysogenic cycles of bacteriophage replication?

In the lytic cycle, the host cell is destroyed during virion release, while in the lysogenic cycle, the viral DNA integrates into the host cell's genome. (A) Signup and view all the answers

How do plant viruses overcome the challenge of the cell wall barrier during transmission?

By using vectors to transmit the virus. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of viral infection involves integration of viral DNA into the host cell's chromosome before potentially entering the lytic cycle?

Lysogenic infection (B) Signup and view all the answers

How do horizontally transmitted plant viruses differ from vertically transmitted plant viruses?

Vertically transmitted viruses are passed from parent to offspring, while horizontally transmitted viruses move between individuals. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common method of animal virus transmission that differs from plant virus transmission?

Transmission through fusion with plasma membrane (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which kingdom is most closely related to fungi?

Animalia (A) Signup and view all the answers

Among the given examples, which protist is responsible for causing malaria in humans?

Plasmodium spp. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of protists in aquatic environments?

Primary producers (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which fungal-like protist is known to cause blights, including the one responsible for the Irish potato famine?

Phytophthora infestans (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which protist can lead to African sleeping sickness in humans?

Trypanosoma brucei (A) Signup and view all the answers

How do prokaryotes participate in the carbon cycle?

As producers, consumers, and decomposers (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of prokaryotes in the nitrogen cycle?

Nitrogen fixation (C) Signup and view all the answers

Why do natural reservoirs make disease eradication challenging?

They maintain the pathogen within the environment (C) Signup and view all the answers

What can lead to the creation of 'super bugs'?

Overuse and misuse of antibiotics (B) Signup and view all the answers

How do biofilms contribute to the spread of diseases?

They adhere to surfaces and become drug-resistant (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between the lytic cycle and the lysogenic cycle?

The lytic cycle involves immediate replication and release of new viruses, while the lysogenic cycle involves integration of the viral genome into the host cell's genome. (A) Signup and view all the answers

How are plant viruses typically transmitted?

By insect vectors like aphids or whiteflies that feed on infected plants and then transmit the virus to healthy plants. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a latent viral infection from an oncogenic viral infection?

A latent infection remains dormant in the host cell without causing symptoms, while an oncogenic infection leads to uncontrolled cell growth and tumor formation. (B) Signup and view all the answers

How are animal viruses primarily transmitted between hosts?

Through direct contact with infected blood or bodily fluids. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between how lytic cycle viruses and lysogenic cycle viruses infect host cells?

Lytic cycle viruses immediately destroy host cells upon entry, while lysogenic cycle viruses integrate their genetic material into host cell DNA without immediate lytic symptoms. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between primary endosymbiosis and secondary endosymbiosis?

Primary endosymbiosis involves a eukaryote engulfing a prokaryote to form an organelle, while secondary endosymbiosis involves a eukaryote engulfing another eukaryote that has already undergone primary endosymbiosis. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the key evidence supporting the endosymbiotic theory regarding the origin of eukaryotic cells?

Similarities in DNA, ribosomes, and membranes between mitochondria/chloroplasts and bacteria. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which supergroup of eukaryotes are plants related to based on evolutionary relationships?

Supergroup Archaeplastida (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinguishing characteristic of protists in terms of their metabolic diversity?

Exhibition of a wide range of metabolic pathways. (B) Signup and view all the answers

How do latent viral infections differ from oncogenic viral infections?

Latent infections involve the integration of viral DNA into host DNA, while oncogenic infections lead to the formation of tumor cells. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What type of viruses are capable of integrating their genome into the host cell's DNA and remain dormant?

Retroviruses (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which cycle involves the viral DNA becoming integrated into the host cell's DNA without causing immediate harm?

Lysogenic cycle (B) Signup and view all the answers

How do plant viruses primarily spread among plants?

Through pollen and seeds (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which term is used to describe viruses that have the potential to cause cancer?

Oncogenic viruses (A) Signup and view all the answers

How are animal viruses typically transmitted between hosts?

Via direct contact or bodily fluids (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves the destruction of the host cell for viral replication and release?

Lytic cycle (C) Signup and view all the answers

What important characteristic of retroviruses distinguishes them from other types of viruses?

Ability to integrate into host genome as DNA (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common mode of transmission for animal viruses causing respiratory illnesses?

Breathing contaminated air (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of virus is known for causing cold sores in humans by establishing a latent infection in nerve cells?

Herpes simplex virus (C) Signup and view all the answers

How do prions differ from typical viruses in terms of their structure and replication mechanism?

Prions have a protein-only structure while typical viruses have nucleic acids. (D) Signup and view all the answers