69 Questions
What is the function of Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)?
Sends glycoproteins/phospholipids to organelle membranes, PM or secretes via exocytosis
Which organelle is involved in synthesizing fatty acids and hormones?
Smooth ER
What is the main function of Golgi Complex in the cell?
Modify proteins to form glycoproteins, glycolipids, and lipoproteins
What is the role of lysosomes in a cell?
Digest nutrients into sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids
Which organelle is continuous with the nuclear membrane and lined with ribosomes?
Rough ER
What happens to secretory vesicles produced by Golgi Complex?
Secreted through the plasma membrane via exocytosis
Which process involves the fusion of secretory vesicles with the plasma membrane to release contents out of the cell?
Exocytosis
In which type of endocytosis do ligands bind to specific receptors on the cell membrane?
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
What is the cellular function of pinocytosis?
Cell drinking through vesicle formation
Which organelle is involved in breaking down proteins in the cell?
Lysosome
What is the percentage of water in cytosol, the fluid portion of cytoplasm?
55%
Which process involves vesicles transporting substances from the extracellular fluid into the cell, moving across the cell, and exiting on the other side?
Transcytosis
Which type of membrane protein spans the entire lipid bilayer extending from the cytosol to the extracellular fluid?
Transmembrane protein
What is the main function of ion channels (pores) in the cell membrane?
Allow passage of ions through the membrane
What do glycocalyx molecules mainly contribute to in terms of cell function?
Cellular recognition and binding
Which type of substances can pass more readily through a selectively permeable membrane?
Small non-ionic molecules
What is the primary function of carriers/transporters in the cell membrane?
Facilitate passage of hydrophilic substances
Which proteins are involved in anchoring cells to other cell membranes or protein filaments?
Linkers
What is the main function of nucleoli within the nucleus?
Produce ribosomes
Which organelle is exclusively passed down from the mother through the oocyte?
Mitochondria
What is the primary role of histones in the nucleus?
Wrapping DNA around proteins
How many chromosomes are typically found in a human somatic cell?
46
Which type of cell division involves reducing the number of chromosomes by half?
Meiosis
What is the function of nuclear pores in the nucleus?
Facilitate transport of molecules in and out of the nucleus
What is the function of peroxisomes in the cell?
Oxidize and break down chemicals such as alcohol
Which organelle is known as the powerhouse of the cell?
Mitochondria
What enzyme in peroxisomes degrades H2O2 and other enzymes to detoxify products of metabolism?
Catalase
Which condition is caused by the lack of lysosomal enzyme Hex A in nerve cells?
Tay-Sachs disease
What is the main function of proteasomes in a cell?
Break down unneeded, damaged or faulty proteins
During apoptosis, what do mitochondria release when there is an increase in free radicals and DNA damage?
Cytochrome c and others
Which type of transport moves substances from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration using the substance's own kinetic energy?
Diffusion
What is the function of aquaporins in cellular transport?
Allows movement of water molecules
During which process do cells engulf large solid particles like worn-out cells, bacteria, and viruses by extending pseudopods?
Phagocytosis
What is the main energy source required for active transport to move substances against their concentration gradient?
ATP
Which fluid type is specifically found outside of the cell, such as in blood vessels?
Blood Plasma
Which process involves vesicles transporting substances out of a cell by fusing with the plasma membrane?
Exocytosis
What is the net movement of water from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration called?
Osmosis
Which type of cells have a few nucleus despite most cells having only one?
White blood cells
What is the primary function of nucleoli within the nucleus?
Produce ribosomes
In a human somatic cell, how many chromosomes are typically present?
46
What occurs during meiosis, the two-step cell division process?
Number of chromosomes is halved
Which organelle is responsible for producing energy in the form of ATP for the cell?
Mitochondria
What is the function of histones in the nucleus?
Regulate gene expression
Which type of cell division replaces dead or injured cells and adds new cells?
Somatic cell division with mitosis and cytokinesis
What is the primary function of histology?
To study the structure of tissues
What is the role of chromatin in the nucleus?
Regulation of gene expression
Which cell organelle houses most of the DNA in a cell?
Nucleus
What is the main function of the cytoplasm in a cell?
To contain intracellular contents
In the Fluid Mosaic Model, what does the 'mosaic' part represent?
Proteins anchored to the membrane
What is the main role of cholesterol in the plasma membrane?
To give flexibility and strength to the membrane
What is the main function of proteasomes in a cell?
Break down unneeded, damaged, or faulty proteins
How does the structure of a cell relate to its function?
The structure of a cell directly reflects its function
Where does pinocytosis primarily occur in the human body?
Intestines and kidneys
Which organelle is responsible for oxidizing and breaking down chemicals like alcohol in the liver?
Peroxisomes
Which organelle plays a key role in communication between a cell and its environment?
Plasma membrane
What is the consequence of failed proteasomes in a cell according to the text?
Contribute to Alzheimer’s & Parkinson’s diseases
What is the main function of receptor-mediated endocytosis?
Recycling of receptors to the plasma membrane
What determines whether a protein is free-floating or anchored in the plasma membrane?
'Mosaic' region of the protein
Which type of cells typically produce enzymes, hormones, mucus, and other secretions for exocytosis?
Epithelial cells
Which organelle is known as the powerhouse of the cell?
Mitochondria
What is the function of catalase found in peroxisomes?
Degrades H2O2 and other enzymes
What is the primary function of transcytosis in cellular physiology?
Transporting substances across the cell and out to the other side
Which organelle releases cytochrome c during apoptosis?
Mitochondria
What is the primary composition of cytosol in terms of water content?
75-90%
How do peroxisomes detoxify products of metabolism?
Contain catalase to degrade harmful substances
Which cellular components contribute to the structure of both the cell and organelles?
Protein filaments of the cytoskeleton
What is the main consequence of lacking lysosomal enzyme Hex A in nerve cells according to the text?
Contribute to neurodegenerative diseases
What is the main purpose of inclusions such as lipid droplets (triglycerides) in the cytoplasm?
Storage of cellular components
What happens during exocytosis in a cell?
Secretory vesicles release contents by fusing with plasma membrane
Test your knowledge on the functions of the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), including the roles of Rough ER in protein synthesis and sorting, and Smooth ER in lipid and hormone synthesis. Explore how the ER contributes to cellular processes such as protein glycosylation, phospholipid modification, and hormone production.
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