Endocrinology Quiz on Hormonal Functions

PPA II SI: Exam 2 Review

• Exam 2 review for PPA II SI course
• Instructors: Chris Cavaliere and David Flynn

Module 3.1

• Hormone Receptor Matching:

  • Epinephrine: Intracellular receptors; Fast transmission
  • Testosterone: Intracellular receptors; Slow transmission
  • Cortisol: Intracellular receptors; Slow transmission
  • Glucagon: Extracellular receptors; Fast transmission

• Explanation of Prior Question (Hormone Receptors):

  • Epinephrine acts via G-protein-coupled intracellular receptors.
  • Insulin acts via enzyme-linked extracellular receptors.
  • Cortisol, a steroid hormone, acts via intracellular receptors.
  • Glucagon transmission is relatively slow.

• Pituitary Hormone Secretion:

  • Posterior pituitary hormones: Oxytocin, AVP
  • Anterior pituitary hormones: Growth hormone (GH), ACTH, Prolactin

• Hormone Chemistry:

  • Amino acid derived hormones: Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4), calcitonin, and adrenal medulla hormones (epinephrine/norepinephrine)
  • Proteins and peptides: Hypothalamus releasing hormones, many anterior pituitary hormones (ACTH, GH, Prolactin, LH, FSH), and posterior pituitary hormones (AVP, oxytocin), pancreas hormones (insulin, glucagon, somatostatin), parathyroid hormone (PTH), additional hormones from the gut/GI tract (CCK, gastrin, secretin, GLP).
  • Steroid Hormones: Adrenal cortex hormones (cortisol, aldosterone, androgens), gonadal hormones (estradiol, testosterone, progesterone), vitamin D

• Hydrophilic Hormone:

  • Insulin

• Mechanism of Steroid Hormone Action:

  • Binding to nuclear receptors

• Pancreas Hormone:

  • Insulin

• Hormone transported by SHBG:

  • Testosterone

• Function of Gastrin:

  • Stimulates gastric acid secretion

• Hormone Released from Anterior Pituitary:

  • ACTH

Module 3.2

• Hormone Stimulated by CRH:

  • ACTH

• Pituitary Hormone Structure Similarity:

  • TSH shares the same alpha subunit as LH and FSH

• Negative Feedback Example:

  • High cortisol levels suppressing ACTH release

• Condition Caused by Primary Hyposecretion:

  • Addison's disease

• Product Regulation Example:

  • Insulin

• Anterior Pituitary Hormone Inhibited Primarily:

  • Prolactin

• Hormone Inhibits GnRH:

  • Testosterone

• Effect of Pituitary Tumor secreting excess prolactin:

  • Decreased GnRH release, leading to low LH/FSH and reduced gonadal function

• Case Study (45-year-old male):

  • Most likely diagnosis : Addison's disease (low cortisol, high ACTH, hyponatremia)

• Case Study (33-year-old female):

  • Most likely cause: Pituitary adenoma (Cushing's disease)

Module 3.3

• Effect of Exogenous Anabolic Steroids:

  • Decreased testicular size, reduced intratesticular testosterone (suppression of LH and FSH due to negative feedback)

• Major Function of Leydig Cells:

  • Producing androgens in response to LH

• Site of Dysfunction (Low Testosterone, Normal LH/FSH):

  • Testes

• Metabolic Effect of Testosterone:

  • Increased erythropoiesis

• Explanation of Testosterone Therapy and Infertility:

  • Suppression of LH and FSH, reducing intratesticular testosterone

Module 3.4

• FSH Function in Early Follicular Phase:

  • Promote follicle growth and estrogen production

• Event Immediately After LH Surge:

  • Ovulation

• Role of LH in Luteal Phase:

  • Stimulates the corpus luteum to produce progesterone

• Uterine Cycle Phase (Endometrial Secretion):

  • Secretory phase

• Hormonal Change Triggering Menstruation:

  • Decrease in estrogen and progesterone

• Follicular Phase Hormone (Endometrial Proliferation):

  • Estradiol

• Hormonal Shift in Menopause (LH/FSH increase):

  • Decreased negative feedback from estrogen and progesterone

• Non-Reproductive Estrogen Effect:

  • Reduces risk of blood clots (protective effect by decreasing LDL and increasing HDL)

Module 3.5

• Metabolic Effect of Pregnancy:
  • Increased insulin resistance leading to potential glucose intolerance

Module 3.6

• Organ Activating Vitamin D:

  • Kidney

• Preferred Diagnostic Tool for Osteoporosis:

  • DXA (Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry)

• T-Score Value for Osteoporosis Diagnosis:

  • At or below -2.5

• Risk Factor for Osteoporosis:

  • Vitamin D deficiency

• Main Cause of Osteoporosis in Postmenopausal Women:

  • Estrogen deficiency

Module 3.7

• Symptom Not Associated with Hyperthyroidism:

  • Bradycardia

• Half-Life of Free T4:

  • 6-7 days

• Treatment Not Typically Used for Hyperthyroidism:

  • Levothyroxine (this is a treatment for hypothyroidism)

• Most Sensitive Lab Test for Thyroid Disorders:

  • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

• Enzyme for Conversion of T4 to T3:

  • Deiodinase

Module 3.8

• Function Not Performed by Insulin:

  • Promoting lipolysis

• Hormone Secreted from Pancreatic Alpha Cells:

  • Glucagon

• Primary Role of Glucagon in Metabolism:

  • Increasing glucose production

• Enzyme Glucagon Activates in Fat Tissue:

  • Hormone-sensitive lipase

• Mechanism Affecting Glucose Metabolism by Epinephrine:

  • Stimulates glycogen breakdown (glycogenolysis)

• Key Symptom of Cushing's Syndrome:

  • Protein wasting

Module 3.9

• Hormone Stimulating IGF-1 Production:

  • Growth Hormone

• Hormone Primarily Affecting Liver and Fat Tissue (Minimal Skeletal Muscle Effect):

  • Glucagon