Endocrinology Quiz on Hormonal Functions
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Questions and Answers

TSH, LH, and FSH share a similar structure. What specific component do they have in common?

  • α-subunit (correct)
  • Glycosylation pattern
  • Unique amino acid sequence
  • β-subunit

    • If a patient has chronically elevated cortisol levels due to an adrenal tumor, which of the following hormonal changes would likely be observed?

  • Decreased ACTH secretion (correct)
  • No change in ACTH secretion
  • Increased CRH secretion
  • Increased ACTH secretion

    • A patient is diagnosed with Addison’s disease due to autoimmune destruction of the adrenal cortex. Which of the following hormonal profiles would be expected?

  • High cortisol, low ACTH
  • High cortisol, high ACTH
  • Low cortisol, high ACTH (correct)
  • Low cortisol, low ACTH

    • Which of the following best describes the role of insulin in product regulation?

    <p>Promoting the uptake of glucose by cells when blood glucose is high. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A researcher is studying a hormone signaling pathway and observes that Hormone A stimulates the release of Hormone B, which then inhibits the release of Hormone A. What type of feedback mechanism is this?

    <p>Negative feedback (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient with androgen insensitivity syndrome typically presents with which of the following?

    <p>46,XY karyotype and female external genitalia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A 58-year-old woman with osteoporosis has low calcium, low PTH, and normal vitamin D. Which condition is the most likely diagnosis?

    <p>Hypoparathyroidism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient presents with low calcium and low PTH. If the patient's history indicates they had recent surgery to remove a certain set of glands, which is the most likely diagnosis?

    <p>Hypoparathyroidism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A 52-year-old man with hypertension presents with fatigue, muscle weakness, frequent urination, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis, and low renin levels. What is the most likely diagnosis?

    <p>Primary hyperaldosteronism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient presents with hypertension, hypokalemia, and metabolic alkalosis. Which hormonal imbalance is most likely contributing to these findings?

    <p>Excess aldosterone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Insulin regulation by blood glucose levels is an example of what kind of regulation?

    <p>Product regulation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anterior pituitary hormone has its secretion primarily inhibited?

    <p>Prolactin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone directly inhibits GnRH secretion as part of a negative feedback loop?

    <p>Testosterone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient with a pituitary tumor causing excessive GH secretion is most likely to experience what?

    <p>Increased IGF-1 levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a prolactin-secreting tumor typically affect gonadal function?

    <p>Decreased LH and FSH secretion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of somatostatin in the context of growth hormone (GH) regulation?

    <p>Inhibits GH secretion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between TRH and TSH?

    <p>TRH stimulates TSH secretion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a patient's blood tests reveal elevated levels of cortisol, which hormone would you expect to be suppressed due to negative feedback?

    <p>Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Steroid hormones primarily affect target cells by which of the following mechanisms?

    <p>Binding to intracellular nuclear receptors to regulate gene expression. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones is directly secreted by the pancreas in response to elevated blood glucose levels?

    <p>Insulin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) primarily transports which of the following hormones in the bloodstream?

    <p>Testosterone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary physiological effect of gastrin on the digestive system?

    <p>Stimulates gastric acid secretion by parietal cells in the stomach. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones is directly released from the anterior pituitary gland?

    <p>ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from the hypothalamus primarily stimulates the release of which hormone from the anterior pituitary?

    <p>ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a patient has a tumor that constantly secretes gastrin, leading to excessive gastric acid production, which of the following symptoms is MOST likely to occur?

    <p>Increased risk of peptic ulcers due to the corrosive effect of excessive acid on the stomach lining. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A researcher is studying the effects of a novel drug on hormone transport. They observe that the drug significantly reduces the binding affinity of SHBG for testosterone. What is the MOST likely consequence of this drug's effect on testosterone activity?

    <p>Enhanced testosterone activity in target tissues due to increased free testosterone levels. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does low estrogen concentration affect Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) secretion during the early follicular phase?

    <p>Stimulates FSH release allowing follicle development. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of high estrogen concentration during the midcycle?

    <p>It stimulates LH secretion through positive feedback. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does the corpus luteum regress when fertilization does not occur?

    <p>Declining levels of LH (Luteinizing Hormone) provide insufficient support. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason LH (Luteinizing Hormone) levels drop during the luteal phase?

    <p>Negative feedback from progesterone produced by the corpus luteum. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic feature of the secretory phase of the uterine cycle?

    <p>Endometrial gland secretion and production of thick cervical mucus. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of endometrial gland secretions during the uterine cycle?

    <p>To nourish a potential embryo during the secretory phase. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the corpus luteum ensure the maintenance of the endometrium to support a potential pregnancy?

    <p>By secreting progesterone, which maintains and stabilizes the endometrial lining. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event signifies the end of the luteal phase if fertilization does not occur?

    <p>The regression of the corpus luteum, leading to a drop in progesterone and estrogen. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In menopause, why do luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) secretion increase?

    <p>Decreased estrogen and progesterone production reduces negative feedback on the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does estrogen primarily affect cholesterol levels in the cardiovascular system?

    <p>Decreases LDL cholesterol and increases HDL cholesterol. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cardiovascular effect is associated with estrogen, despite also increasing angiotensinogen production?

    <p>Vasodilation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential risk to the cardiovascular system is associated with estrogen?

    <p>Increased risk of blood clot formation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What metabolic change occurs during pregnancy that can lead to gestational diabetes?

    <p>Increased insulin resistance, potentially leading to glucose intolerance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How might decreased fat deposition during pregnancy affect vitamin levels?

    <p>Leading to malabsorption of fat-soluble vitamins. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of increased insulin resistance during pregnancy, besides potential glucose intolerance?

    <p>Potential for developing type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does pregnancy affect the distribution and balance of water-soluble vitamins when associated with decreased fat deposition?

    <p>Increased volume of distribution, potentially causing imbalances. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Steroid Hormones Binding

    Steroid hormones bind to intracellular nuclear receptors, activating gene expression.

    Pancreas Hormone

    Insulin is the hormone secreted by the pancreas, regulating blood sugar levels.

    SHBG Transport

    Testosterone is transported in the blood by sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG).

    Function of Gastrin

    Gastrin stimulates gastric acid secretion in the stomach.

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    Anterior Pituitary Hormone

    Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is released from the anterior pituitary.

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    CRH Stimulates ACTH

    Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from the hypothalamus stimulates ACTH secretion.

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    Cortisol and ACTH

    ACTH regulates cortisol production in response to stress.

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    Incorrect Hormones Sources

    Epinephrine comes from the adrenal medulla, not the pancreas.

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    TSH Structure

    TSH shares the same α-subunit as LH and FSH.

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    Negative Feedback Example

    High cortisol levels suppress ACTH release, demonstrating negative feedback.

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    Addison's Disease Cause

    Addison's disease is caused by primary hyposecretion of cortisol.

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    Product Regulation Hormone

    Insulin is an example of product regulation, where its levels regulate its own secretion.

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    Cushing's Syndrome Cause

    Cushing's syndrome is caused by excessive cortisol secretion, not hyposecretion.

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    Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome

    Condition with female genitalia despite 46,XY karyotype.

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    Hypoparathyroidism

    Characterized by low PTH and low calcium levels.

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    Primary Hyperaldosteronism

    Causes hypertension, hypokalemia, and low renin levels.

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    Cushing’s Disease

    Caused by excess cortisol production, leading to hypertension.

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    Osteomalacia

    Softening of bones due to vitamin D deficiency.

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    Regulation of Insulin

    Insulin secretion is regulated by blood glucose levels, an example of product regulation.

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    Unique Hormone Inhibition

    Prolactin is the only anterior pituitary hormone primarily inhibited rather than stimulated.

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    Negative Feedback of GnRH

    Testosterone directly inhibits GnRH and LH/FSH secretion.

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    Excess GH Effects

    Excess GH from a pituitary tumor leads to increased IGF-1 levels.

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    Inhibitory Hormones

    Inhibin primarily inhibits FSH, but not GnRH.

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    Role of ACTH

    ACTH secretion is stimulated by CRH, not inhibited.

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    GH and Glucose

    Growth Hormone (GH) increases glucose production through gluconeogenesis.

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    Tumor and Prolactin

    Excess prolactin from a tumor can disrupt gonadal function by inhibiting LH/FSH.

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    Inhibin secretion increase

    Increased inhibin secretion results from loss of estrogen and progesterone, removing negative feedback on LH and FSH.

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    Non-reproductive effect of estrogen

    Estrogen decreases LDL and increases HDL levels, improving cardiovascular health.

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    Metabolic effect of pregnancy

    Pregnancy causes increased insulin resistance, potentially leading to glucose intolerance.

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    Estrogen and blood pressure

    Estrogen lowers blood pressure through vasodilation, counteracting vasoconstriction.

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    Estrogen and coagulation

    Estrogen influences coagulation factors, increasing the risk of blood clots.

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    Insulin resistance and diabetes

    Increased insulin resistance during pregnancy can lead to type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

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    Cardiovascular estrogen function

    A key role of estrogen is to reduce the risk of blood clots in the cardiovascular system.

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    Hormonal changes in menopause

    During menopause, loss of estrogen and progesterone causes an increase in LH and FSH levels.

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    Gonadotropin Regulation by Estrogen

    Estrogen has a dual effect on FSH secretion; low levels stimulate FSH, while high levels inhibit it.

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    Positive Feedback of Estrogen

    High levels of estrogen stimulate LH release but do not affect FSH in midcycle.

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    Estrogen and GnRH Release

    Estrogen influences GnRH release based on concentration and menstrual cycle phase.

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    Corpus Luteum Regression

    The corpus luteum regresses due to declining LH levels, not cholesterol depletion.

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    Progesterone Feedback Impact

    Progesterone does suppress GnRH, but the primary cause of luteal regression is LH decline.

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    Estradiol and Corpus Luteum

    Dominant follicle estradiol does not inhibit the corpus luteum after ovulation occurs.

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    Phases of Uterine Cycle

    The secretory phase is marked by endometrial gland secretion and thick cervical mucus production.

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    Cycle Phase Characteristic

    The secretory phase is the phase characterized by significant progesterone effects on the endometrium.

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    Study Notes

    PPA II SI: Exam 2 Review

    • Exam 2 review for PPA II SI course
    • Instructors: Chris Cavaliere and David Flynn

    Module 3.1

    • Hormone Receptor Matching:

      • Epinephrine: Intracellular receptors; Fast transmission
      • Testosterone: Intracellular receptors; Slow transmission
      • Cortisol: Intracellular receptors; Slow transmission
      • Glucagon: Extracellular receptors; Fast transmission

    • Explanation of Prior Question (Hormone Receptors):

      • Epinephrine acts via G-protein-coupled intracellular receptors.
      • Insulin acts via enzyme-linked extracellular receptors.
      • Cortisol, a steroid hormone, acts via intracellular receptors.
      • Glucagon transmission is relatively slow.

    • Pituitary Hormone Secretion:

      • Posterior pituitary hormones: Oxytocin, AVP
      • Anterior pituitary hormones: Growth hormone (GH), ACTH, Prolactin

    • Hormone Chemistry:

      • Amino acid derived hormones: Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4), calcitonin, and adrenal medulla hormones (epinephrine/norepinephrine)
      • Proteins and peptides: Hypothalamus releasing hormones, many anterior pituitary hormones (ACTH, GH, Prolactin, LH, FSH), and posterior pituitary hormones (AVP, oxytocin), pancreas hormones (insulin, glucagon, somatostatin), parathyroid hormone (PTH), additional hormones from the gut/GI tract (CCK, gastrin, secretin, GLP).
      • Steroid Hormones: Adrenal cortex hormones (cortisol, aldosterone, androgens), gonadal hormones (estradiol, testosterone, progesterone), vitamin D

    • Hydrophilic Hormone:

      • Insulin

    • Mechanism of Steroid Hormone Action:

      • Binding to nuclear receptors

    • Pancreas Hormone:

      • Insulin

    • Hormone transported by SHBG:

      • Testosterone

    • Function of Gastrin:

      • Stimulates gastric acid secretion

    • Hormone Released from Anterior Pituitary:

      • ACTH

    Module 3.2

    • Hormone Stimulated by CRH:

      • ACTH

    • Pituitary Hormone Structure Similarity:

      • TSH shares the same alpha subunit as LH and FSH

    • Negative Feedback Example:

      • High cortisol levels suppressing ACTH release

    • Condition Caused by Primary Hyposecretion:

      • Addison's disease

    • Product Regulation Example:

      • Insulin

    • Anterior Pituitary Hormone Inhibited Primarily:

      • Prolactin

    • Hormone Inhibits GnRH:

      • Testosterone

    • Effect of Pituitary Tumor secreting excess prolactin:

      • Decreased GnRH release, leading to low LH/FSH and reduced gonadal function

    • Case Study (45-year-old male):

      • Most likely diagnosis : Addison's disease (low cortisol, high ACTH, hyponatremia)

    • Case Study (33-year-old female):

      • Most likely cause: Pituitary adenoma (Cushing's disease)

    Module 3.3

    • Effect of Exogenous Anabolic Steroids:

      • Decreased testicular size, reduced intratesticular testosterone (suppression of LH and FSH due to negative feedback)

    • Major Function of Leydig Cells:

      • Producing androgens in response to LH

    • Site of Dysfunction (Low Testosterone, Normal LH/FSH):

      • Testes

    • Metabolic Effect of Testosterone:

      • Increased erythropoiesis

    • Explanation of Testosterone Therapy and Infertility:

      • Suppression of LH and FSH, reducing intratesticular testosterone

    Module 3.4

    • FSH Function in Early Follicular Phase:

      • Promote follicle growth and estrogen production

    • Event Immediately After LH Surge:

      • Ovulation

    • Role of LH in Luteal Phase:

      • Stimulates the corpus luteum to produce progesterone

    • Uterine Cycle Phase (Endometrial Secretion):

      • Secretory phase

    • Hormonal Change Triggering Menstruation:

      • Decrease in estrogen and progesterone

    • Follicular Phase Hormone (Endometrial Proliferation):

      • Estradiol

    • Hormonal Shift in Menopause (LH/FSH increase):

      • Decreased negative feedback from estrogen and progesterone

    • Non-Reproductive Estrogen Effect:

      • Reduces risk of blood clots (protective effect by decreasing LDL and increasing HDL)

    Module 3.5

    • Metabolic Effect of Pregnancy:
      • Increased insulin resistance leading to potential glucose intolerance

    Module 3.6

    • Organ Activating Vitamin D:

      • Kidney

    • Preferred Diagnostic Tool for Osteoporosis:

      • DXA (Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry)

    • T-Score Value for Osteoporosis Diagnosis:

      • At or below -2.5

    • Risk Factor for Osteoporosis:

      • Vitamin D deficiency

    • Main Cause of Osteoporosis in Postmenopausal Women:

      • Estrogen deficiency

    Module 3.7

    • Symptom Not Associated with Hyperthyroidism:

      • Bradycardia

    • Half-Life of Free T4:

      • 6-7 days

    • Treatment Not Typically Used for Hyperthyroidism:

      • Levothyroxine (this is a treatment for hypothyroidism)

    • Most Sensitive Lab Test for Thyroid Disorders:

      • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

    • Enzyme for Conversion of T4 to T3:

      • Deiodinase

    Module 3.8

    • Function Not Performed by Insulin:

      • Promoting lipolysis

    • Hormone Secreted from Pancreatic Alpha Cells:

      • Glucagon

    • Primary Role of Glucagon in Metabolism:

      • Increasing glucose production

    • Enzyme Glucagon Activates in Fat Tissue:

      • Hormone-sensitive lipase

    • Mechanism Affecting Glucose Metabolism by Epinephrine:

      • Stimulates glycogen breakdown (glycogenolysis)

    • Key Symptom of Cushing's Syndrome:

      • Protein wasting

    Module 3.9

    • Hormone Stimulating IGF-1 Production:

      • Growth Hormone

    • Hormone Primarily Affecting Liver and Fat Tissue (Minimal Skeletal Muscle Effect):

      • Glucagon

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    PPA II SI: Exam 2 Review PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on various hormonal functions and disorders in the endocrine system. This quiz covers topics such as hormone structures, feedback mechanisms, and conditions like Addison's disease and androgen insensitivity syndrome. Challenge yourself and enhance your understanding of endocrinology.

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