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Questions and Answers
What is the primary role of Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH) in males?
What is the primary role of Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH) in males?
- Regulates ovulation
- Promotes secretory function of the ovaries
- Stimulates sperm production (correct)
- Stimulates breast development
Which hormone is responsible for ovulation in females?
Which hormone is responsible for ovulation in females?
- Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH)
- Estrogen
- Prolactin
- Luteinizing Hormone (LH) (correct)
What type of connection exists between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary?
What type of connection exists between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary?
- Portal circulation through hypothalamic-hypophysial portal vessels (correct)
- Fluid drainage through lymphatic vessels
- Direct neural innervation
- Nervous connections via the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract
Which hormone is primarily involved in male testicular function?
Which hormone is primarily involved in male testicular function?
What is the purpose of the hypothalamo-pituitary portal vessels?
What is the purpose of the hypothalamo-pituitary portal vessels?
What primary function does the Growth Hormone (GH) serve in the body?
What primary function does the Growth Hormone (GH) serve in the body?
Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the thyroid gland to secrete thyroxine?
Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the thyroid gland to secrete thyroxine?
What is the role of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)?
What is the role of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)?
Which gland acts in conjunction with the hypothalamus to regulate endocrine activities?
Which gland acts in conjunction with the hypothalamus to regulate endocrine activities?
What effect does an excess of Growth Hormone typically result in?
What effect does an excess of Growth Hormone typically result in?
How do feedback mechanisms typically regulate hormone levels?
How do feedback mechanisms typically regulate hormone levels?
What type of glands secrete hormones into the bloodstream?
What type of glands secrete hormones into the bloodstream?
Which of the following statements about the anterior pituitary gland is true?
Which of the following statements about the anterior pituitary gland is true?
Which tissues are stimulated by growth hormone for soft tissue growth?
Which tissues are stimulated by growth hormone for soft tissue growth?
What is one primary effect of growth hormone on carbohydrate metabolism?
What is one primary effect of growth hormone on carbohydrate metabolism?
Which factor released from the hypothalamus inhibits growth hormone secretion?
Which factor released from the hypothalamus inhibits growth hormone secretion?
What is the role of somatomedin C in growth hormone action?
What is the role of somatomedin C in growth hormone action?
What condition arises from hyposecretion of growth hormone during childhood?
What condition arises from hyposecretion of growth hormone during childhood?
Which of the following results from the negative feedback mechanism involving growth hormone?
Which of the following results from the negative feedback mechanism involving growth hormone?
What happens to bone growth in individuals with GH deficiency before puberty?
What happens to bone growth in individuals with GH deficiency before puberty?
What is the primary effect of growth hormone on fat metabolism?
What is the primary effect of growth hormone on fat metabolism?
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Study Notes
Hormones and Their Functions
-
Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH):
- In females, stimulates growth and development of ovarian follicles; promotes estrogen secretion from ovaries.
- In males, essential for sperm production.
-
Luteinizing Hormone (LH):
- In females, triggers ovulation and regulates ovarian secretion of female sex hormones.
- In males, stimulates testosterone secretion from testicular cells.
-
Prolactin:
- In females, promotes breast development and milk production.
- In males, plays a role in testicular function.
Hypothalamic-Pituitary Connection
- Connections between the hypothalamus and pituitary gland are of two types:
- Portal Circulation: Hypothalamic-hypophysial portal vessels provide a direct route for hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary, ensuring high concentration and preventing degradation by enzymes.
- Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal Tract: A nervous connection between the hypothalamus and posterior pituitary.
Growth Hormone (GH) Overview
- Growth Promotion: Stimulates growth of liver, spleen, heart, kidneys, and gastrointestinal tract.
- Metabolic Effects:
- Anabolic on protein metabolism.
- Increases blood glucose levels, termed a diabetogenic hormone.
- Promotes fat metabolism for energy, enhancing free fatty acids and ketone bodies in the bloodstream.
Mechanism of Action
- Direct Effect: GH binds to receptors on target tissues (e.g., adipose tissue).
- Indirect Effect: Stimulates the liver and other tissues to produce somatomedins, primarily insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), which promotes growth in cartilage and bone.
Regulation of GH Secretion
- Controlled by the hypothalamus through two factors:
- Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH) stimulates GH secretion.
- Growth Hormone-Inhibitory Hormone (GHIH/Somatostatin) inhibits GH secretion.
- Negative feedback: Increased levels of IGF-1 inhibit GH secretion and stimulate somatostatin release.
Dysfunction of Growth Hormone
- Hyposecretion of GH (Pituitary Dwarfism):
- Results from GH deficiency during childhood (before puberty).
- Manifestations include decreased growth of bones and soft tissues, short stature, and a youthful appearance. Mental and sexual development remains normal.
Endocrine Glands Overview
- Definition: Ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream, unlike exocrine glands that use ducts (e.g., salivary glands).
- Hormones: Chemical messengers affecting growth, development, and various body processes.
- Essential endocrine glands include pituitary, adrenal cortex, and parathyroid glands.
The Pituitary Gland
- Located at the base of the brain, acts with the hypothalamus to regulate other endocrine glands.
- Composed of:
- Posterior Lobe (Neurohypophysis).
- Anterior Lobe (Adenohypophysis).
- An intermediate lobe, which is rudimentary in humans.
Anterior Pituitary Hormones
- Growth Hormone (GH/Somatotropin): Essential for overall body growth, influencing protein formation and cell differentiation.
- Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH): Stimulates the thyroid gland to release thyroxine and triiodothyronine, regulating intracellular chemical reactions.
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH): Controls adrenocortical hormone secretion, affecting glucose, protein, and fat metabolism.
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