Endocrinology: Hormones and Functions
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH) in males?

  • Regulates ovulation
  • Promotes secretory function of the ovaries
  • Stimulates sperm production (correct)
  • Stimulates breast development

    • Which hormone is responsible for ovulation in females?

  • Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH)
  • Estrogen
  • Prolactin
  • Luteinizing Hormone (LH) (correct)

    • What type of connection exists between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary?

  • Portal circulation through hypothalamic-hypophysial portal vessels (correct)
  • Fluid drainage through lymphatic vessels
  • Direct neural innervation
  • Nervous connections via the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract

    • Which hormone is primarily involved in male testicular function?

    <p>Prolactin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the hypothalamo-pituitary portal vessels?

    <p>To prevent hormonal degradation during circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary function does the Growth Hormone (GH) serve in the body?

    <p>Affects protein formation and cell multiplication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the thyroid gland to secrete thyroxine?

    <p>Thyroid-stimulating Hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)?

    <p>Stimulates secretion of adrenocortical hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland acts in conjunction with the hypothalamus to regulate endocrine activities?

    <p>Pituitary Gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does an excess of Growth Hormone typically result in?

    <p>Acromegaly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do feedback mechanisms typically regulate hormone levels?

    <p>Through inhibition or stimulation of secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of glands secrete hormones into the bloodstream?

    <p>Endocrine glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the anterior pituitary gland is true?

    <p>It primarily secretes hormones that control other endocrine glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tissues are stimulated by growth hormone for soft tissue growth?

    <p>Liver and spleen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one primary effect of growth hormone on carbohydrate metabolism?

    <p>Increases blood glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor released from the hypothalamus inhibits growth hormone secretion?

    <p>Somatostatin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of somatomedin C in growth hormone action?

    <p>Stimulates growth in all aspects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition arises from hyposecretion of growth hormone during childhood?

    <p>Pituitary dwarfism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following results from the negative feedback mechanism involving growth hormone?

    <p>Inhibition of growth hormone secretion by IGF-1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to bone growth in individuals with GH deficiency before puberty?

    <p>Decreased bone growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of growth hormone on fat metabolism?

    <p>Increased free fatty acids in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Hormones and Their Functions

    • Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH):

      • In females, stimulates growth and development of ovarian follicles; promotes estrogen secretion from ovaries.
      • In males, essential for sperm production.

    • Luteinizing Hormone (LH):

      • In females, triggers ovulation and regulates ovarian secretion of female sex hormones.
      • In males, stimulates testosterone secretion from testicular cells.

    • Prolactin:

      • In females, promotes breast development and milk production.
      • In males, plays a role in testicular function.

    Hypothalamic-Pituitary Connection

    • Connections between the hypothalamus and pituitary gland are of two types:
      • Portal Circulation: Hypothalamic-hypophysial portal vessels provide a direct route for hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary, ensuring high concentration and preventing degradation by enzymes.
      • Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal Tract: A nervous connection between the hypothalamus and posterior pituitary.

    Growth Hormone (GH) Overview

    • Growth Promotion: Stimulates growth of liver, spleen, heart, kidneys, and gastrointestinal tract.
    • Metabolic Effects:
      • Anabolic on protein metabolism.
      • Increases blood glucose levels, termed a diabetogenic hormone.
      • Promotes fat metabolism for energy, enhancing free fatty acids and ketone bodies in the bloodstream.

    Mechanism of Action

    • Direct Effect: GH binds to receptors on target tissues (e.g., adipose tissue).
    • Indirect Effect: Stimulates the liver and other tissues to produce somatomedins, primarily insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), which promotes growth in cartilage and bone.

    Regulation of GH Secretion

    • Controlled by the hypothalamus through two factors:
      • Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH) stimulates GH secretion.
      • Growth Hormone-Inhibitory Hormone (GHIH/Somatostatin) inhibits GH secretion.
    • Negative feedback: Increased levels of IGF-1 inhibit GH secretion and stimulate somatostatin release.

    Dysfunction of Growth Hormone

    • Hyposecretion of GH (Pituitary Dwarfism):
      • Results from GH deficiency during childhood (before puberty).
      • Manifestations include decreased growth of bones and soft tissues, short stature, and a youthful appearance. Mental and sexual development remains normal.

    Endocrine Glands Overview

    • Definition: Ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream, unlike exocrine glands that use ducts (e.g., salivary glands).
    • Hormones: Chemical messengers affecting growth, development, and various body processes.
    • Essential endocrine glands include pituitary, adrenal cortex, and parathyroid glands.

    The Pituitary Gland

    • Located at the base of the brain, acts with the hypothalamus to regulate other endocrine glands.
    • Composed of:
      • Posterior Lobe (Neurohypophysis).
      • Anterior Lobe (Adenohypophysis).
      • An intermediate lobe, which is rudimentary in humans.

    Anterior Pituitary Hormones

    • Growth Hormone (GH/Somatotropin): Essential for overall body growth, influencing protein formation and cell differentiation.
    • Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH): Stimulates the thyroid gland to release thyroxine and triiodothyronine, regulating intracellular chemical reactions.
    • Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH): Controls adrenocortical hormone secretion, affecting glucose, protein, and fat metabolism.

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    Physiology of Anterior Pituitary Gland PDF

    Description

    Explore the roles of key hormones such as Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH), Luteinizing Hormone (LH), and Prolactin in both males and females. This quiz covers their functions in reproductive health and hormonal regulation, crucial for understanding endocrinology. Test your knowledge on how these hormones affect growth, development, and reproduction.

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