Endocrinology Final Exam Prep

Exercise Endocrinology Worksheet

• Objective: The worksheet helps organize endocrinology information for the final exam. Avoid using internet searches for categorical answers. Use textbook and lecture notes instead.

• Endocrine Organ Information: The following table lists endocrine organs, their target organs, hormone types, mechanisms of action, and stimuli for hormone release.

  • Hypothalamus: Target organ is itself, hormone type is steroid. Mechanism of action: binds with intracellular receptors. Stimuli include elevated exercise intensity.
  • Anterior pituitary: Target is anterior pituitary, hormone type is peptide. Mechanism of action: activates cAMP pathway. Stimuli include muscle damage, hunger, high body fat
  • Posterior pituitary: Target organ is adrenal medulla, hormone type is amine. Mechanism of action: activates PI3k pathway. Stimuli include hunger, high blood glucose, and low blood glucose.
  • Adrenal medulla: Target organs include many cells in the body. The hormone type is amine. Mechanism of action includes activating the CAMP pathway. Various stimuli exist. Increased intensity of exercise, increased muscle damage, hunger, etc are some examples.
  • Adrenal cortex: Target is adrenal cortex, hormone type is steroid. Mechanism: binds with intracellular receptors, stimulates protein catabolism. Various stimuli for release exist.
  • Adipose tissue: Target is adipose tissue, hormone type is peptide. Mechanism: activates mTOR pathway. Stimuli include hunger, high body fat.
  • Pancreas: Target organs include liver and many other cells. Types of hormone include peptide. Mechanism: Activates the CAMP pathway, the PI3K pathway, etc . Stimuli for release include hunger, high blood glucose, and low blood glucose.
  • Kidney: Target is liver, hormone type is peptide. Mechanism: Activates the AMPK pathway. Possible stimuli include low blood glucose.
  • Liver: Target is all major organs. Hormone type varies. Mechanism action: varies based on hormone. Stimuli for release vary based on the hormone.
  • Muscle: Target is many major organs. Hormone type varies. Mechanism action varies based on hormone. Stimuli for release vary.
  • Testes: Target organs include all major organs. Hormone type varies. Mechanism action: varies based on hormone. Stimuli for release vary based on hormone.

• Specific Hormones: Additional information regarding specific hormones such as Insulin, Glucagon, and Epinephrine, including their stimuli for release, mechanism of action, and potential effects, is presented in a tabular format in the document. These additional details should be consulted for specific examples.

  • Insulin: Released by beta cells of pancreas, targets liver, and muscle. Mechanism is via PI3K pathway. Potential effect includes lowering glucose levels and promoting glycogen, protein, and fat synthesis
  • Glucagon: Released by Alpha cells of Pancreas. Targets liver and other cells. Mechanism involves cAMP pathway. Potential effect: increases blood sugar in the liver and muscle.
  • Epinephrine: Released by adrenal medulla. Targets many cells. Via cAMP pathway. Potential effect: increased vasodilation, and stimulated breakdown of proteins in the liver & muscle.

• Other Hormones: Testosterone, Growth Hormone (somatotropin) ,IGF-1, and Cortisol data with mechanisms and stimuli are covered in other tables for further study.

• Leptin: This table describes Leptin, its associated endocrine organ (adipocytes), target (hypothalamus), hormone type (peptide), stimuli (overfeeding/refeeding), mechanism (JAK/STAT pathway), and potential effects (energy expenditure regulation).

This worksheet is designed to help students organize and synthesize essential endocrinology concepts for their final exam. Focusing on endocrine organs, their hormones, mechanisms, and stimuli, this exercise promotes a deeper understanding of the material without relying on internet searches.