KIN 486 Exercise Physiology 2 Ch. 4 Worksheet PDF

KIN 486 – Exercise Physiology 2 ~~~~~ KEY ~~~~~ Ch. 4 – Exercise Endocrinology Worksheet  OBJECTIVE: This worksheet is designed to help you organize the endocrinology information and thus help you prepare for that part of the fin...

KIN 486 – Exercise Physiology 2 ~~~~~ KEY ~~~~~ Ch. 4 – Exercise Endocrinology Worksheet  OBJECTIVE: This worksheet is designed to help you organize the endocrinology information and thus help you prepare for that part of the final exam.  Please complete the below tables with the appropriate information about the specified hormones.  The notes below will help guide you with potential answers for some of them. o All answers, except for Potential Effects, can be found from the list below. Please do not use the internet to find answers for these categorical questions as you can easily be led astray. o Note that some of the topics might have more than one answer (particularly stimuli or effects). o You will have to use critical thinking or find the potential effects from the textbook & lecture notes. The internet could be useful here, but could also yield a lot of “side effects” that are not relevant to this class and not the type of topic that we have discussed in the course.  Please SaveAs your assignment with your information in this format: Endocrine.LastName.FirstInitial and submit it was a Word file in Canvas.  Note that this is an Individual and NOT a Group assignment, so all work should be your own. Endocrine Organ Target Organ(s) Hormone Type Mechanism of Action Stimuli for Release Hypothalamus Hypothalamus Steroid Binds with intracellular receptor Increased exercise Anterior pituitary Anterior pituitary Peptide Activates the cAMP pathway intensity Posterior pituitary Adrenal medulla Amine Activates the PI3K pathway Muscle damage Adrenal medulla Adrenal cortex Activates the JAK/STAT Hunger Adrenal cortex Adipose tissue pathway High body fat Adipose tissue Pancreas Activates the mTOR pathway High blood glucose Pancreas Kidney Activates the AMPK pathway Low blood glucose Kidney Liver Low blood pressure Liver Muscle Low blood sodium Testes All major organs  Hormone Endocrine Organ Target Organ(s) Type of Hormone Insulin Beta-cells of the Pancreas Liver & Muscles; Peptide (anabolic hormone) Many other cell types Stimuli for Release: High glucose (excess energy/substrates) Mechanism of Action: Activates the PI3K pathway to lower glucose (in liver and muscle; protein AS160 phosphorylated & GLUT4 translocates to sarcolemma…) & mTOR pathway for protein synthesis (in muscle) Potential Effect(s): Lowers glucose levels; enhances synthesis of glycogen, protein and fat; inhibits gluconeogenesis Liver: takes glucose out of the blood, lowering overall blood glucose to store as glycogen; Muscles: lower blood glucose and stimulates protein synthesis; Hormone Endocrine Organ Target Organ(s) Type of Hormone Glucagon Alpha cells of the Pancreas Liver; Peptide (“opposite” of insulin) Many other cell types Stimuli for Release: Low blood glucose & exercise Mechanism of Action: cAMP pathway (glucagon binds to receptor, activates adenylate cyclase, converts ATP to cAMP, cAMP activates PKA, PKA activates glycogen phosphorylase, glycogen phosphorylase cleaves a G6P from glycogen, G6P converted to glucose and exported from the liver) Potential Effect(s): Increases blood glucose levels by promoting glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in liver & Stimulates the breakdown of protein and fat for energy Hormone Endocrine Organ Target Organ(s) Type of Hormone Epinephrine Adrenal medulla Most cells in the body Amine Stimuli for Release: Increased exercise intensity; Stress Mechanism of Action: Activates the cAMP pathway (and HSL in adipocytes) Potential Effect(s): Stimulates the breakdown of glycogen in the liver and muscle Increases: vasodilation, heart rate, blood pressure, cardiac output, bronchodilation Stimulates lipolysis in adipose tissue and muscle  Hormone Endocrine Organ Target Organ(s) Type of Hormone Testosterone Adrenal Cortex & Testes Muscle & many other cell Steroid (can pass through types membranes because of the fat- soluble properties) Stimuli for Release: Exercise stress (higher intensity, large muscle group exercises, high volume, short rest) Diurnal variations with higher levels in the morning (males) Produced from precursor hormone DHEA Mechanism of Action: Bind with intracellular receptor (steroid hormone) Potential Effect(s): Protein synthesis & repair Development of male sex organs / characteristics Hormone Endocrine Organ Target Organ(s) Type of Hormone Growth Hormone Anterior Pituitary All cells in the body Peptide (AKA somatotropin) (anabolic hormone) Stimuli for Release: Exercise intensity: GHRH stimulates GH hormone’s release; “bursts” every 3-5 hours Mechanism of Action: cAMP & JAK/STAT pathways Potential Effect(s): Control metabolism and growth; promotes muscular growth (hypertrophy); increases amino acid transport through the plasma membrane; activates cellular ribosomes that increase protein synthesis; stimulates the release of IGFs from liver; Stimulates lipolysis and FFA mobilization; Promotes development and enlargement of all body tissues until maturation; increases rate of protein synthesis; decreases rate of carbohydrate use; decreases cellular glucose uptake; Hormone Endocrine Organ Target Organ(s) Type of Hormone IGF-1 Liver Muscles & Connective Tissue Peptide (anabolic hormone) Stimuli for Release: Growth hormone stimulates liver to make and secrete IGF-1 Mechanism of Action: mTOR pathway Potential Effect(s): Stimulates muscle growth and protein synthesis; increase amino acid transport; stimulate DNA transcription; stimulate ribosomal translation  Hormone Endocrine Organ Target Organ(s) Type of Hormone Cortisol Adrenal cortex Muscles and liver Steroid (catabolic hormone) Stimuli for Release: Stress; Exercise intensity; ACTH causes the adrenal cortex to release this steroid hormone Mechanism of Action: Bind with intracellular receptor (steroid hormone) Potential Effect(s): Regulates macronutrients; the breakdown of protein and fat to provide metabolites that can be converted to glucose in the lover; activates anti-stress and anti-inflammatory pathways; stimulates gluconeogenesis; acts as an anti-inflammatory; increases FFA mobilization and protein catabolism Hormone Endocrine Organ Target Organ(s) Type of Hormone Leptin Adipocytes Brain (hypothalamus) Peptide Stimuli for Release: Overfeeding/refeeding & Insulin stimulates secretion Mechanism of Action: Mediated by the JAK/STAT pathway; acts on cell receptors (Ob-r (obesity receptor) in hypothalamus Potential Effect(s): Acts to control energy expenditure over the long term; levels decrease during fasting and increase during refeeding/overfeeding/surgical stress events Primary role in the regulation of body weight by establishing a feedback loop between the energy reserves and the hypothalamic centers that control food intake