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The medulla is composed of closely associated glands.
The medulla is composed of closely associated glands.
False
The pituitary gland is an example of a pure endocrine entity.
The pituitary gland is an example of a pure endocrine entity.
True
Hormones are secreted directly into the lymphatic system only.
Hormones are secreted directly into the lymphatic system only.
False
Only a large quantity of hormones is necessary to influence target organs.
Only a large quantity of hormones is necessary to influence target organs.
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Endocrine components of the body can form part of any of the three primary germ layers.
Endocrine components of the body can form part of any of the three primary germ layers.
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Basophils contain more numerous granules than acidophils.
Basophils contain more numerous granules than acidophils.
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Chromophobes are best identified by the Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) technique.
Chromophobes are best identified by the Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) technique.
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Methylene blue stains the granules of chromophobes poorly.
Methylene blue stains the granules of chromophobes poorly.
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Basophils can be identified by the aniline blue stain.
Basophils can be identified by the aniline blue stain.
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There are at least 6 confirmed cell types in the pars distalis identified by immunohistochemistry.
There are at least 6 confirmed cell types in the pars distalis identified by immunohistochemistry.
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Parathormone production is controlled by other endocrine glands.
Parathormone production is controlled by other endocrine glands.
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Oxyphil cells have a known secretory role in the body.
Oxyphil cells have a known secretory role in the body.
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Only about two-thirds of chief cells are actively synthesizing parathormone in a normal adult.
Only about two-thirds of chief cells are actively synthesizing parathormone in a normal adult.
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The adrenal glands are located at the upper poles of the kidneys.
The adrenal glands are located at the upper poles of the kidneys.
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Active chief cells stain lighter than less active chief cells in light microscopy.
Active chief cells stain lighter than less active chief cells in light microscopy.
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Thyrotropes stain with aldehyde fuchsin and secrete thyrotropic hormone (TSH).
Thyrotropes stain with aldehyde fuchsin and secrete thyrotropic hormone (TSH).
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Gonadotropes stain positively with aldehyde fuchsin and secrete gonadotropins.
Gonadotropes stain positively with aldehyde fuchsin and secrete gonadotropins.
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Corticotropes are included in the group of cells that secrete thyroid-stimulating hormones.
Corticotropes are included in the group of cells that secrete thyroid-stimulating hormones.
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The cell boundaries of thyrotropes are easily visible in ordinary preparations.
The cell boundaries of thyrotropes are easily visible in ordinary preparations.
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The cytoplasm of thyrotropes contains specific granules that are located in the peripheral cytoplasm.
The cytoplasm of thyrotropes contains specific granules that are located in the peripheral cytoplasm.
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Neurons in the adrenal medulla can convert norepinephrine (NE) to epinephrine (EPI).
Neurons in the adrenal medulla can convert norepinephrine (NE) to epinephrine (EPI).
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The adrenal medulla secretes hormones into the blood that help an individual respond to emergency situations.
The adrenal medulla secretes hormones into the blood that help an individual respond to emergency situations.
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Epinephrine primarily acts as a vasodilator with significant effects on metabolism.
Epinephrine primarily acts as a vasodilator with significant effects on metabolism.
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Cells of the adrenal cortex have a greater capacity for regeneration than those of the adrenal medulla.
Cells of the adrenal cortex have a greater capacity for regeneration than those of the adrenal medulla.
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The adrenal cortex is responsible for maintaining the body's fluid and electrolyte balance.
The adrenal cortex is responsible for maintaining the body's fluid and electrolyte balance.
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The adrenal glands receive blood supply from two arteries only.
The adrenal glands receive blood supply from two arteries only.
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The medulla of the adrenal glands has a dual blood supply.
The medulla of the adrenal glands has a dual blood supply.
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The zona reticularis is known to have a well-developed Golgi complex.
The zona reticularis is known to have a well-developed Golgi complex.
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There is no venous system in the cortex of the adrenal glands.
There is no venous system in the cortex of the adrenal glands.
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The adrenal medulla contains a high amount of glycogen particles.
The adrenal medulla contains a high amount of glycogen particles.
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Catecholamine primarily includes epinephrine in the adrenal medulla.
Catecholamine primarily includes epinephrine in the adrenal medulla.
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The cortical sinusoids do not anastomose with the medulla's capillary bed.
The cortical sinusoids do not anastomose with the medulla's capillary bed.
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The adrenal glands have a highly vascular structure.
The adrenal glands have a highly vascular structure.
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Study Notes
Endocrine System Outline
- Composed mainly of ductless glands releasing hormones directly into the blood or lymph.
- Three primary germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm) give rise to different endocrine components.
- Endocrine components can be separate glands, scattered masses within exocrine glands, or isolated endocrine cells within other organs.
Primary Germ Layers
- Ectoderm: Hypophysis, adrenal medulla, Chromaffin bodies
- Mesoderm: Adrenal cortex, testes, ovaries
- Endoderm: Thyroid, parathyroid, pancreatic islets of Langerhans
Hormone Classes
- Steroid hormones: Adrenocortical hormones (adrenal cortex), testosterone (testes), estrogen and progesterone (ovaries)
- Protein hormones; prolactin, insulin (hypophysis, pancreas, thyroid, parathyroid)
- Amino acid analogues and derivatives; thyroxine, norepinephrine (thyroid, adrenal medulla)
Endocrine System Functions
- Hormones have a specific effect on target organs, often stimulating or activating or sometimes inhibiting.
- Target cells contain receptors affecting specific physiological responses.
- Neuro-Endocrine System: overlapping control involving both endocrine and nervous systems.
- Endocrine cells are regulated by neural mechanisms.
Pituitary Gland
- Also known as Hypophysis Cerebri
- Pea-shaped endocrine gland connected to the hypothalamus.
- Composed of anterior and posterior lobes.
- Master control gland for hormone production in other endocrine glands.
- 0.5-1.5g in weight
Pituitary Gland - Anterior Lobe (Adenohypophysis)
- Composed of different cell types: acidophils (somatotropes and mammotropes), basophils (thyrotropes, corticotropes, gonadotropes) and chromophobes (reserve cells)
- Secretes hormones regulating diverse bodily functions.
Hormones Secreted by Pars Distalis
- STH/GH- Growth hormone, affects body growth.
- Prolactin- Stimulates milk production
- ACTH- Adrenocorticotropic hormone, targets the suprarenal glands.
- FSH/LH- Follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormones, involved in reproduction.
- TSH- Stimulates thyroid function.
Thyroid Gland
- Located in the neck, composed of follicles.
- Thyroid hormones (T3, T4) increase metabolic rate.
- Thyroid hormones are involved in growth and development
- Contains follicular epithelial cells secreting hormones into the follicle lumen.
Parathyroid Glands
- Small glands embedded on the posterior surface of the thyroid.
- Chief cells are the most abundant cells secreting Parathyroid hormone (PTH) involved in calcium homeostasis, regulating blood calcium levels
- Oxyphil cells: uncertain function, but present in larger quantities in older individuals.
Adrenal Glands
- Located superior to the kidneys. Composed of adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla.
- Adrenal cortex: secretes steroid hormones (mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, androgens).
- Adrenal medulla: secretes catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine).
Pineal Gland
- Small gland in the brain
- Secretes melatonin regulating circadian rhythms and influencing reproductive function.
- Contains pinealocytes and glial cells.
Pancreatic Islets
- Scattered in the exocrine tissue of the pancreas.
- Alpha cells secrete glucagon.
- Beta cells secrete insulin
- Delta cells secrete somatostatin.
Other Endocrine Glands
- Includes other glands with endocrine functions like testes, ovaries, gastrointestinal tract, and kidneys.
Female Reproductive System
- Ovarian cycle: series of changes in the ovaries affecting follicle and oocyte development as well as hormonal variations.
- Primordial follicle: contains a primary oocyte and a single layer of flattened follicle cells.
- Primary follicle: contains a primary oocyte inside a cuboidal epithelium.
- Secondary follicle: Contains a primary oocyte in a stratified follicle cells.
- Mature-graafian follicle: Contains secondary oocyte.
- Ovulation: the release of an ovum
- Corpus luteum: structure formed during ovulation to produce hormones like estrogen and progesterone.
- Corpus albicans: scar tissue formed after the corpus luteum degenerates.
Male Reproductive System
- Spermatogenesis: process of sperm formation, starts at puberty.
- Seminiferous tubules: where sperm development takes place surrounded by Sertoli cells which provide support and nutrition.
- Interstitial cells of Leydig: secrete testosterone crucial for male characteristics.
- Accessory glands; include seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands, they produce fluids nourishing and transporting sperm.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the structure and function of the endocrine system with this quiz. Explore topics like the pituitary gland, hormone production, and cell types within the endocrine components. Ideal for students studying human anatomy and physiology.
