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Questions and Answers
Which of the following characteristics distinguishes exocrine glands from endocrine glands?
Which of the following characteristics distinguishes exocrine glands from endocrine glands?
- Exocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.
- Exocrine glands directly affect target organs, while endocrine glands do not.
- Exocrine glands have ducts through which secretions are released. (correct)
- Exocrine glands secrete enzymes, while endocrine glands secrete hormones.
If a substance is described as a 'chemical' secreted from a gland that controls the activities of another organ, what is the most likely classification of this substance?
If a substance is described as a 'chemical' secreted from a gland that controls the activities of another organ, what is the most likely classification of this substance?
- Enzyme
- Neurotransmitter
- Exocrine secretion
- Hormone (correct)
What is the functional significance of a 'target organ' or 'target tissue' in the context of endocrine activity?
What is the functional significance of a 'target organ' or 'target tissue' in the context of endocrine activity?
- It is the general area where multiple endocrine glands are located.
- It is the organ that produces the hormone.
- It is the specific tissue to which a hormone binds to exert its effects. (correct)
- It is the organ responsible for breaking down hormones after they have circulated.
Which endocrine gland directly controls the pituitary gland?
Which endocrine gland directly controls the pituitary gland?
What is the primary functional distinction between the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary gland?
What is the primary functional distinction between the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary gland?
A patient's medical report indicates an issue with the sella turcica. Which gland is most likely to be directly affected?
A patient's medical report indicates an issue with the sella turcica. Which gland is most likely to be directly affected?
In what way does the hypothalamus regulate the function of the anterior pituitary gland?
In what way does the hypothalamus regulate the function of the anterior pituitary gland?
What would be the likely effect of damage to the infundibulum?
What would be the likely effect of damage to the infundibulum?
Which of the following hormones is most likely to be affected by a disruption in circadian rhythms?
Which of the following hormones is most likely to be affected by a disruption in circadian rhythms?
If a patient has a condition causing increased calcium levels in the blood, which hormone is likely to be directly involved in reducing these levels?
If a patient has a condition causing increased calcium levels in the blood, which hormone is likely to be directly involved in reducing these levels?
The thyroid gland consists of right and left lobes. What anatomical structure connects these lobes?
The thyroid gland consists of right and left lobes. What anatomical structure connects these lobes?
What is the primary effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
What is the primary effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
How does parathyroid hormone (PTH) affect calcium levels at the level of the kidney?
How does parathyroid hormone (PTH) affect calcium levels at the level of the kidney?
Which structural component is common to both the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla?
Which structural component is common to both the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla?
Which hormones are secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to stress?
Which hormones are secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to stress?
A patient is diagnosed with a deficiency in mineralocorticoids. Which specific hormone production is most likely affected?
A patient is diagnosed with a deficiency in mineralocorticoids. Which specific hormone production is most likely affected?
What is the primary role of glucocorticoids, such as cortisol, secreted by the adrenal cortex?
What is the primary role of glucocorticoids, such as cortisol, secreted by the adrenal cortex?
If the adrenal cortical hormones decrease, what is the most likely outcome?
If the adrenal cortical hormones decrease, what is the most likely outcome?
The pancreas has both exocrine and endocrine functions. What is the exocrine function of the pancreas?
The pancreas has both exocrine and endocrine functions. What is the exocrine function of the pancreas?
How does insulin affect blood glucose levels?
How does insulin affect blood glucose levels?
In what anatomical relation to other organs is the pancreas situated?
In what anatomical relation to other organs is the pancreas situated?
Which of the following statements best describes the endocrine function of the ovaries?
Which of the following statements best describes the endocrine function of the ovaries?
What is the primary endocrine function of the testes?
What is the primary endocrine function of the testes?
How do the secretions from the testes differ in function from the secretions of the ovaries?
How do the secretions from the testes differ in function from the secretions of the ovaries?
A researcher is studying a hormone that regulates circadian rhythms. Which of the following glands should the researcher focus on?
A researcher is studying a hormone that regulates circadian rhythms. Which of the following glands should the researcher focus on?
Flashcards
Exocrine Glands
Exocrine Glands
Glands that release secretions into ducts.
Endocrine Glands
Endocrine Glands
Glands that release secretions directly into the bloodstream, and secrete hormones.
Hormone
Hormone
A chemical substance secreted from an endocrine gland that controls the activities of other organs.
Target Organ/Tissue
Target Organ/Tissue
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Pituitary Gland
Pituitary Gland
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Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus
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Pituitary Gland Location
Pituitary Gland Location
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Pineal Gland
Pineal Gland
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Thyroid Gland
Thyroid Gland
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Calcitonin
Calcitonin
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Parathyroid Glands
Parathyroid Glands
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Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
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Adrenal Glands Location
Adrenal Glands Location
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Adrenal Cortex
Adrenal Cortex
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Adrenal Medulla
Adrenal Medulla
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Glucocorticoids
Glucocorticoids
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Mineralocorticoids
Mineralocorticoids
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Pancreas- Endocrine Part
Pancreas- Endocrine Part
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Insulin
Insulin
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Glucagon
Glucagon
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Testis function
Testis function
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Ovaries function
Ovaries function
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Thyroid gland
Thyroid gland
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Adrenal Medulla
Adrenal Medulla
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The adrenal medulla
The adrenal medulla
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Study Notes
- Lecture 13 covers the Endocrine System
Types of Glands
- Exocrine glands release secretions into ducts, secreting enzymes; examples include salivary, sweat, lacrimal glands, and part of the pancreas.
- Endocrine glands release secretions, known as hormones directly into the bloodstream; these glands are ductless.
Hormones
- Hormones are chemical substances secreted from endocrine glands.
- Hormones control the activity of other organs
- Hormones bind to a specific tissue called the target organ or tissue.
Endocrine Glands
- Key endocrine glands include the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, pancreas, adrenal glands, pineal body, ovaries, and testes
Hypothalamus
- Located in the lower part of the brain
- Controls the pituitary gland
- Releases releasing and inhibitory hormones
Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis)
- Master endocrine gland
- It is inferior to the hypothalamus
- Connected to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum
- Enclosed, located within the hypophyseal fossa or sella turcica of the sphenoid bone
- Consists of the anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) and posterior lobe (neurohypophysis)
- The anterior lobe releases hormones, while the posterior lobe stores hormones from the hypothalamus
- The hypothalamus controls the secretion of the pituitary gland
Pineal Gland
- Connected to the posterior region of the diencephalon
- Secretes melatonin
- Melatonin helps regulate the circadian rhythm, or 24-hour body clock
Thyroid Gland
- Largest endocrine gland
- Situated in the anterior neck
- Consists of right and left lobes connected by the isthmus
- Produces thyroid hormones: T3 and T4
- Controls metabolic rate and regulates growth and development
- Secretes calcitonin hormone to decrease calcium levels in the blood
Parathyroid Glands
- Located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland
- There are four small parathyroid glands
- Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases the level of calcium in the blood.
- Parathyroid glands increase calcium levels through resorption from bone
- Parathyroid glands increase calcium levels from the intestine by increasing absorption.
- Parathyroid glands increase calcium levels from the kidney by activating vitamin D
Adrenal Glands (Suprarenal)
- Located on the upper pole of the kidney
- Consist of an outer cortex and an inner medulla
- Both secrete different types of hormones
Adrenal Cortex
- Secretes glucocorticoids, like cortisol, to regulate CHO (carbohydrate) metabolism
- Secretes mineralocorticoids, like aldosterone, to regulate Na reabsorption and K excretion
- Secretes sex hormones like testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone for secondary sex characteristics.
- Adrenal cortical hormones are essential for life; decreased hormone levels can be fatal
Adrenal Medulla
- Modified sympathetic ganglion
- It is modified sympathetic ganglion
- Secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine, also known as adrenaline and noradrenaline, for fight or flight responses
Pancreas
- Situated between the duodenum and the spleen, posterior to the stomach.
- Functions as both an exocrine and endocrine gland.
- The exocrine part secretes pancreatic juice to aid in digestion of lipids.
- The endocrine part secretes hormones
- Insulin decreases glucose levels in the blood
- Glucagon increases glucose levels in the blood
Endocrine Tissue of the Reproductive System
- Testis secretes testosterone for secondary sex characteristics in males and hair growth in females.
- The ovaries secrete estrogen and progesterone.
- It facilitates secondary sex characteristics in females and prepares the uterus for pregnancy, as well as the breast for lactation.
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