Endocrinology and Diabetes Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What initial screening test is used for diagnosing glucose intolerance in all pregnancies?

  • Fasting glucose test
  • 100-gram three-hour glucose tolerance test
  • 50-gram one-hour glucose challenge test (correct)
  • Postprandial glucose test

What complication may arise from gestational diabetes affecting the newborn?

  • Fetal malformation or death (correct)
  • Delayed onset of labor
  • Excessive weight gain during pregnancy
  • Increased body temperature

Which hormone is primarily responsible for regulating metabolism and caloric utilization in the body?

  • Cortisol
  • Insulin
  • Thyroxine (T4) (correct)
  • Adrenaline

What is a potential long-term risk for a mother diagnosed with gestational diabetes?

<p>Higher risk for Type II diabetes mellitus later in life (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What portion of the population in the Middle East is estimated to have thyroid disease?

<p>5% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of calcitonin in the body?

<p>Decrease calcium levels in body fluids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following tests is NOT typically used to diagnose thyroid disease?

<p>Bone Density Scan (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on renal calcium excretion?

<p>Decreases renal calcium excretion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment option is commonly prescribed for hyperthyroidism?

<p>Radioactive iodine treatment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does PTH affect osteoclast activity?

<p>Increases osteoclast activity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a life-threatening complication associated with type I diabetes mellitus?

<p>Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes ketones to build up in the blood during diabetic ketoacidosis?

<p>Breakdown of fats for energy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the long-term complications associated with untreated high blood glucose levels?

<p>Neuropathy and gangrene (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is commonly associated with diabetic ketoacidosis?

<p>Ketonuria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does regular exercise play in managing diabetes?

<p>It helps control weight and blood glucose levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these factors can predispose someone to gestational diabetes?

<p>Obesity and previous gestational diabetes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physiological change occurs with gestational diabetes during pregnancy?

<p>Insulin resistance develops (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential self-monitoring task for diabetes management?

<p>Monitoring blood glucose levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of endocrine cells?

<p>To produce hormones (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does hyperglycemia refer to?

<p>Elevated blood glucose levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of diabetes is characterized as insulin-dependent?

<p>Type 1 diabetes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant characteristic of Type 2 diabetes?

<p>Insulin resistance and ineffective use of insulin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of diabetes, what does 'gestational diabetes' refer to?

<p>Diabetes occurring during pregnancy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the prevalence data, what percentage of adults in the UAE had diabetes?

<p>14.6% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes diabetes mellitus from diabetes insipidus?

<p>Diabetes mellitus is related to insulin, while diabetes insipidus is related to kidney function. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following glands is not part of the endocrine system?

<p>Liver (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does calcitonin play in regulating calcium levels?

<p>Inhibits the release of calcium from bones. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily responsible for increasing blood glucose levels?

<p>Glucagon (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of aldosterone?

<p>Increases reabsorption of renal sodium and water. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which adrenergic hormone increases cardiac output and blood pressure?

<p>Epinephrine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells in the pancreas are responsible for producing insulin?

<p>Beta cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of glucocorticoids on metabolism?

<p>Increase protein, fat, and carbohydrate metabolism. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the adrenal gland is associated with the production of epinephrine?

<p>Medulla (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of delta cells in the pancreas?

<p>Secrete somatostatin. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Endocrine System

A system of glands that produce hormones to regulate body functions.

Hormones

Chemical messengers that control various cell, tissue, or organ functions.

Diabetes Mellitus

A disease where blood sugar levels are too high due to insufficient or ineffective insulin.

Type 1 Diabetes

A type of diabetes where the body doesn't produce insulin.

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Type 2 Diabetes

A type of diabetes where the body doesn't use insulin effectively.

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Hyperglycemia

Elevated blood glucose levels.

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Insulin

A hormone that regulates blood glucose levels by helping glucose enter cells.

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Diabetes Insipidus

A rare disorder of the body's ability to regulate fluids, resulting in excessive urination and thirst.

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Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)

A life-threatening complication of type 1 diabetes where the body produces ketones due to insufficient insulin, leading to acidosis.

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DKA Symptoms

Polyuria (increased urination), polydipsia (increased thirst), ketonuria (ketones in urine), low serum potassium (hypokalemia), tachypnea (rapid breathing), dizziness.

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Long-term Diabetes Complications

Cardiovascular disease (heart problems), eye damage (retinopathy, cataracts, glaucoma), kidney damage (nephropathy), nerve damage (neuropathy), increased infection susceptibility.

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Gestational Diabetes Pre-disposing Factors

Previous gestational diabetes or large baby, obesity, glucose intolerance or glycosuria, family history of diabetes.

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Gestational Diabetes Pathophysiology

Glucose intolerance (insulin resistance) develops or is first recognized during pregnancy.

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Type 1 Diabetes Medications

Insulin is the primary medication used to treat type 1 diabetes.

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Type 2 Diabetes Medications

Medications for type 2 diabetes include oral drugs like metformin and sulfonylureas, along with insulin in some cases.

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Medication Administration

It's crucial to understand how each medication is administered, whether by injection, oral intake, or other methods.

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Gestational Diabetes

A type of diabetes that develops during pregnancy, usually resolving after delivery. It arises from the body's inability to effectively regulate blood sugar levels.

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50-gram Glucose Challenge Test

A screening test for gestational diabetes, performed between 24 and 28 weeks of pregnancy. A sugary drink is consumed, and blood glucose levels are measured one hour later.

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100-gram Three-hour Glucose Tolerance Test

A diagnostic test used to confirm gestational diabetes. Involves fasting, consuming a sugary drink, and blood glucose readings taken at various intervals over three hours.

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Thyroid Gland

A butterfly-shaped gland in the neck responsible for producing hormones (T3 and T4) that regulate metabolism, heart rate, and many other bodily functions.

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Thyroid Hormones

Chemicals produced by the thyroid gland to regulate metabolism, affecting how quickly the body uses energy, heart rate, and other vital functions.

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Calcitonin Function

Calcitonin is a hormone produced by the thyroid gland that lowers calcium levels in the blood by inhibiting osteoclast activity, increasing calcium excretion in urine, and promoting calcium uptake by bones.

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Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is produced by the parathyroid glands and plays a crucial role in maintaining calcium homeostasis. Its primary function is to increase blood calcium levels.

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PTH's Effects on Calcium

Parathyroid hormone increases blood calcium levels by: stimulating osteoclast activity (bone breakdown), decreasing calcium excretion in urine, and promoting calcium absorption in the intestines.

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Parathyroid Gland Function

The parathyroid glands are small glands located near the thyroid gland. They are crucial for regulating calcium levels in the blood by producing parathyroid hormone (PTH).

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Calcium Homeostasis

Calcium homeostasis refers to the body's ability to maintain a stable level of calcium in the blood. This balance is crucial for various physiological functions.

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Calcitonin & PTH Role

Calcitonin and Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) work together to maintain healthy calcium levels in the blood. Calcitonin lowers calcium levels by promoting bone formation and decreasing calcium reabsorption in the kidneys. PTH increases calcium levels by stimulating bone resorption and increasing calcium absorption in the intestines.

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Suprarenal Gland: Location?

The suprarenal (adrenal) glands are located on top of the kidneys, one on each side.

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Medulla Hormones: What are these?

The adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline). These hormones are involved in the 'fight-or-flight' response, increasing blood pressure, heart rate, and blood glucose levels.

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Cortex Zones: Which produces Aldosterone?

The adrenal cortex has different zones, each producing different hormones. The outermost zone, the zona glomerulosa, produces mineralocorticoids, mainly aldosterone.

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Pancreatic Islets: Purpose?

Pancreatic islets, also known as islets of Langerhans, are clusters of hormone-producing cells within the pancreas. These cells regulate blood glucose levels.

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Glucagon Function

Glucagon is a hormone secreted by alpha cells in the pancreatic islets. It increases blood glucose levels by stimulating the breakdown of glycogen in the liver, releasing glucose into the bloodstream.

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Insulin Function

Insulin is a hormone secreted by beta cells in the pancreatic islets. It lowers blood glucose levels by increasing glucose uptake by cells, promoting glycogen storage, and inhibiting glucose production in the liver.

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Blood Glucose Regulation: Overall?

Blood glucose regulation is a complex process involving hormones like insulin and glucagon. These hormones work in balance to maintain a stable blood sugar level, preventing both hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) and hyperglycemia (high blood sugar).

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Study Notes

Endocrine System Overview

  • The endocrine system is composed of several glands.
  • Endocrine cells produce hormones.
  • Hormones regulate the functions of other cells, tissues, and organs.

Pituitary Gland

  • The pituitary gland is located in the brain, precisely in the anterior and posterior lobe near the hypothalamus.
  • Gross anatomy: Infundibulum, Pars tuberalis, Pars distalis, and Pars intermedia.
  • Hypothalamic control: Regulates sympathetic output to adrenal medulla; produces ADH and oxytocin.
  • Anterior pituitary structure and actions: Releases hormones, regulated by releasing hormones (RH), and negative feedback mechanisms from target cells.

Pituitary Hypophyseal Portal System

  • Connects the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland.
  • Blood vessels transport hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary.

Target Cell Responses

  • Hormones bind to specific receptors.
  • Stimulates intracellular events and alters enzyme activity.

Diabetes Mellitus

  • Excess blood glucose (blood sugar).
  • Glucose comes from food.
  • Insulin helps glucose enter the cells.
  • Diabetes mellitus types: Insulin-dependent (IDDM) and Non-insulin-dependent (NIDDM)

Diabetes Mellitus Signs and Symptoms

  • Excess glucose in the blood (hyperglycemia).
  • Polyuria: Increased urine production.
  • Polydipsia: Increased thirst.
  • Polyphagia: Increased hunger and eating.

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

  • Body does not produce insulin.
  • Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA): A life-threatening complication.
  • Ketones build up in the blood, causing acidosis.
  • Symptoms include polyuria, polydipsia, ketonuria, hypokalemia, tachypnea, and dizziness.

Complications of Diabetes

  • Cardiovascular disease.
  • Damage to the eyes, kidneys, and nerves.
  • Increased risk of infections
  • Amputation

Diabetes Investigations and Treatment

  • Blood tests to diagnose diabetes.
  • Treatment: Exercise, weight control, and a healthy meal plan.
  • Medication may be required.

Gestational Diabetes

  • Diabetes during pregnancy.
  • Pre-disposing factors: Previous pregnancy with diabetes, large babies (macrosomia), obesity, glucose tolerance or glycosuria, family history of diabetes.
  • Pathophysiology: Glucose intolerance (insulin resistance) starts or is first recognized during pregnancy.
  • Diagnostic tests: Universal screening with 50-gram one-hour glucose challenge test, followed by diagnostic 100-gram three-hour glucose tolerance test.
  • Treatment: Glucose monitoring, dietary changes, exercise, and insulin injections.
  • Complications: Fetal malformation or death, large baby with difficult delivery, neonatal hypoglycemia.

Thyroid Disease

  • The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland in the neck.
  • It makes hormones controlling metabolism.
  • Estimated prevalence of thyroid disease in the Middle East: 5%.
  • Diseases: Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) and Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid).
  • Hypothyroidism symptoms: Weight gain, fatigue, and difficulty dealing with cold.
  • Hyperthyroidism symptoms: Weight loss, increased heart rate, increased sensitivity to heat.

Diagnosing Thyroid Disease

  • Thyroid function tests (TSH, T3, T4).
  • Thyroid scan and uptake.
  • Ultrasound of the thyroid.
  • Needle biopsy of the thyroid.

Treating Thyroid Disease

  • Medications for hypothyroidism.
  • Thyroid hormone treatment.
  • Radioactive iodine treatment for hyperthyroidism.
  • Thyroidectomy.

Parathyroid Glands

  • Located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland.
  • Produce parathyroid hormone (PTH) that regulates calcium levels in the blood.

Adrenal Glands

  • Located above the kidneys.
  • Adrenal medulla releases epinephrine and norepinephrine.
  • Adrenal cortex releases hormones that regulate metabolism.
  • Types of hormones: Glucocorticoids and Mineralocorticoids.

The Pancreas

  • The Pancreas is an organ that plays both endocrine and exocrine roles. It produces hormones, including insulin and glucagon.
  • Pancreatic Islets of Langerhans: Endocrine cells (alpha cells release glucagon and beta cells release insulin).

Pancreatic Hormones

  • Alpha Cells: Secretion of glucagon
  • Beta Cells: Secretion of insulin

Blood Glucose Regulation

  • Regulation of blood glucose among cells, tissues, and organs.

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Endocrine System Disorders Past Paper (HIM-2113) - 2020/2022

Description

Test your knowledge on endocrinology and diabetes with this informative quiz. Explore topics such as glucose intolerance, gestational diabetes, thyroid diseases, and the roles of key hormones like calcitonin and parathyroid hormone. Assess how these factors influence metabolism and long-term health risks.

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