Endocrine System Quiz

<p>Insulin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Severe fatigue and metabolic disorders (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>GHRH (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibits GH synthesis and release (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased fat breakdown (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Promotion of skeletal growth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thyrotropin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thyroid hormones inhibit their own secretion by acting on the hypothalamus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tyrosines that are oxidized (A), Tyrosine with four iodine atoms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To package and modify thyroglobulin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Iodide is actively transported in (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>T3 and T4 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It combines with a lysosome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Iodide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lysosomal enzymes degrade thyroglobulin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is oxidized to iodine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It serves as a precursor for T3 and T4 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Impotence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Suckling (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>FSH is absent from the blood. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hormone binds receptor, receptor activates G protein, G protein activates adenylate cyclase. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It degrades cAMP, halting the signaling cascade. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They act on intracellular receptors and directly activate genes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows a single hormone to elicit a much larger cellular response. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can either be activated or inactivated depending on the function of the protein. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It inhibits prolactin release (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Circadian rhythms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inappropriate lactation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regulating gamete production (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>End of pregnancy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increasing testosterone levels in males (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>T4 is converted to T3 in peripheral tissues and is less active than T3. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>At higher doses, it inhibits osteoclast activity and promotes calcium uptake into bone. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Negative feedback inhibition of TSH release by rising TH levels. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Myxedema, which can lead to serious metabolic issues. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It enhances TSH release, overcoming negative feedback during cold exposure. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>T3 is derived from the conversion of T4 in peripheral tissues, making it more active. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyposecretion of thyroid hormones caused by lack of iodine. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They transport T3 and T4 in the bloodstream, facilitating their activity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Corpus callosum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It synthesizes and releases hormones that regulate the pituitary. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To deliver hypothalamic hormones to the anterior pituitary. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adrenaline (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pituicytes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pars distalis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone (PIH) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hormone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Negative feedback and positive feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peptide hormones = Water-soluble and bind to cell membrane receptors Steroid hormones = Lipid-soluble and often bind to intracellular receptors Amino acid-derived hormones = Can be either water-soluble or lipid-soluble Eicosanoids = Derived from fatty acids and involved in local signaling</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxytocin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glucagon</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>parathyroid hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insulin = Liver Testosterone = Skeletal Muscle Thyroxine = All Body Cells Epinephrine = Heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduces inflammation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hormone binds to its receptor (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adenylate cyclase</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>second</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hormone = First messenger that binds to the receptor G protein = Relays signals from the receptor to adenylate cyclase cAMP = Activates protein kinases Phosphodiesterase = Degrades cAMP to stop the cascade</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To phosphorylate other proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It stops the cascade.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Activates protein kinases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>G protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phospholipase C</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>G protein (Gs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>G protein = Activates adenylyl cyclase cAMP = Second messenger IP3 = Releases Ca2+ from storage Calmodulin = Binds calcium ions and activates enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>PIP2 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DAG and Ca2+</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>cAMP</p> Signup and view all the answers

The specific trigger that causes an endocrine gland or tissue to release its hormone.

A three-stage process the body undergoes in response to stressors: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion stages.

Hormones released during the initial fight-or-flight response, such as epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Hormones released during sustained stress, including cortisol, helping the body adapt but potentially causing issues if prolonged.

Endocrine organs work together with other body systems to maintain stable internal conditions.

The hypothalamus regulates growth hormone (GH) release by secreting growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) to stimulate GH release, and growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH) to inhibit it.

Growth hormone has both direct metabolic effects (e.g., anti-insulin) and indirect growth-promoting effects via Insulin-like Growth Factors (IGFs) produced by the liver and other tissues.

These are hormones produced in response to growth hormone that promote growth and have various metabolic effects.

Affecting metabolism, these actions include increased fat breakdown; reduced glucose uptake; and increased blood glucose and other anti-insulin effects.

Growth hormone stimulates the production of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) to promote skeletal and extraskeletal growth.

Anterior pituitary hormone that regulates thyroid development and secretion.

TSH release is stimulated by thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus, and inhibited by elevated thyroid hormone levels.

A complex regulatory system involving the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and thyroid gland, working together to control thyroid hormone production and secretion.

A hormone released by the hypothalamus that stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).

Hormones produced and released by the thyroid gland, responsible for regulating metabolism, growth, and development.

A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary that stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids.

Hormones produced by the adrenal cortex, involved in stress response, immune function, and energy regulation.

Hormones, including follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), secreted by the anterior pituitary, that regulate reproductive function.

A hormone produced by the anterior pituitary, primarily known for stimulating milk production in females.

Also known as dopamine, this hormone primarily regulates prolactin release, keeping it under control.

The process of creating thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) within the thyroid gland.

A protein produced by the thyroid gland that serves as the backbone for thyroid hormone synthesis.

The active transport of iodide ions (I-) from the bloodstream into the thyroid gland.

Converting iodide (I-) to iodine (I2) within the thyroid gland.

Attachment of iodine to tyrosine residues within thyroglobulin.

Iodine is attached to tyrosine forming two intermediate compounds: diiodotyrosine (DIT) and monoiodotyrosine (MIT).

DIT and MIT molecules combine to form T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine).

Thyroglobulin colloid containing T3 and T4 is taken into the thyroid cell in a vesicle.

Lysosomal enzymes break down thyroglobulin, releasing free T3 and T4.

Steroid and thyroid hormones that can pass through the cell membrane and bind to intracellular receptors, directly activating genes.

A signaling pathway involving a second messenger (cAMP) activated by a G protein, which in turn activates protein kinases to phosphorylate other proteins, triggering a cascade of events.

A G protein, activated by a hormone-receptor complex, activates the enzyme adenylate cyclase in the cAMP signaling pathway.

A molecule that relays a signal inside a cell after a hormone (first messenger) binds to its receptor on the cell surface.

An enzyme that breaks down cAMP, terminating the cAMP signaling cascade.

The pituitary gland, also known as the hypophysis, is situated at the base of the brain, just below the hypothalamus. It's connected to the hypothalamus by a stalk called the infundibulum.

The pituitary gland is divided into two main lobes: the anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) and the posterior lobe (neurohypophysis). The anterior lobe produces and secretes its own hormones, while the posterior lobe stores and releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus.

The hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland's activity by releasing hormones that either stimulate or inhibit hormone release from the anterior lobe. The posterior lobe is directly controlled by nerve signals from the hypothalamus.

The anterior pituitary secretes several crucial hormones, including:

• Growth hormone (GH)
• Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
• Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
• Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
• Luteinizing hormone (LH)
• Prolactin (PRL)

The posterior pituitary stores and releases two hormones produced by the hypothalamus:

• Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or Vasopressin
• Oxytocin

The pituitary gland, influenced by the hypothalamus, plays a critical role in regulating various bodily functions, including growth, metabolism, stress response, reproduction, and water balance.

The infundibulum is the stalk that connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus. It acts as a pathway for hormones and nerve signals to travel between these two structures.

One of the gonadotropins, responsible for stimulating gamete (sperm or egg) production.

One of the gonadotropins, responsible for promoting the production of gonadal hormones.

T4 and T3 are transported in the bloodstream bound to thyroxine-binding globulins (TBGs).

T3 is ten times more active than T4, although both bind to target receptors. Peripheral tissues convert T4 to T3.

Rising levels of thyroid hormone provide negative feedback inhibition on the release of TSH from the anterior pituitary.

Hypothalamic TRH can override negative feedback during pregnancy or cold exposure, leading to increased TSH and thyroid hormone release.

Hypothyroidism in adults, characterized by swelling of the skin and slow metabolism.

Severe hypothyroidism in infants, leading to developmental delays and physical abnormalities.

The most common type of hyperthyroidism, characterized by an overactive thyroid.

Calcitonin, produced by parafollicular cells, inhibits osteoclast activity and promotes Ca2+ uptake into bone. No well-defined role in humans.

A system that controls body functions using hormones, which travel through the bloodstream to target cells.

Chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands that travel through the bloodstream to target cells, where they elicit specific responses.

Endocrine: Slower, longer-lasting effects; hormones travel through the bloodstream. Nervous: Faster, shorter-lived effects; signals transmitted via neurons.

Steroid (lipid-based), Amine (modified amino acids), Peptide/Protein (chains of amino acids).

Hormone release is controlled by negative feedback loops. Rising hormone levels inhibit further release.

The pituitary gland, a master control center for many hormones, is itself regulated by the hypothalamus, which releases hormones that either stimulate or inhibit pituitary hormone secretion.

Growth hormone promotes growth by stimulating the liver to produce Insulin-like Growth Factors (IGFs), which directly stimulate growth in bones, muscles, and other tissues. It also has metabolic effects, increasing fat breakdown and reducing glucose uptake.

Thyroid hormone (T3 and T4) is produced by thyroid follicular cells in a multi-step process involving iodide uptake, oxidation, attachment to thyroglobulin, and enzymatic coupling.

A second messenger molecule inside cells that relays signals after a hormone binds to its receptor on the cell surface.

A protein that acts as a molecular switch, activating or inhibiting enzymes in response to hormone binding.

An enzyme activated by a G protein that converts ATP to cAMP, the second messenger.

Enzymes activated by cAMP that phosphorylate (add a phosphate group) other proteins, changing their activity.

Systems inside cells that amplify and relay signals from hormones to target proteins, using molecules like cAMP.

They diffuse across the cell membrane and bind to receptors inside the cell, directly activating genes.

They bind to receptors on the cell surface, triggering a cascade of events involving second messengers like cAMP.

A second messenger that activates protein kinases in the cAMP signaling pathway.

Breaks down cAMP, terminating the cAMP signaling cascade.

A signaling pathway that uses inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG) as second messengers to release calcium from intracellular stores.

Protein kinases.

Causes calcium release from intracellular stores.

Calcium alters enzyme activity and channels, or binds to calmodulin, which activates enzymes amplifying the cellular response.

They pass through the cell membrane and bind to intracellular receptors, triggering the transcription of specific genes.