Endocrine System Overview Quiz

<p>Thyroxine (T4) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The anterior pituitary, under hypothalamic control, releases hormones that indirectly regulate glucose metabolism in target tissues like the liver and skeletal muscle. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Negative feedback, where the presence of a hormone inhibits further release of that same hormone. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypothyroidism, characterized by low thyroid hormone levels. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elevated cortisol levels inhibit the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the anterior pituitary. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>posterior (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prolactin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cortisol is a major stress hormone that helps the body cope with challenging situations by increasing blood glucose levels and suppressing the immune system. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CRH stimulates the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the anterior pituitary. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cortisol directly inhibits the release of both CRH and ACTH. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Long-loop feedback involves the inhibition of CRH release, while short-loop feedback involves the inhibition of ACTH release. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exogenous cortisol suppresses the release of CRH and ACTH, decreasing endogenous cortisol production. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exposure to a mild stressor, such as a public presentation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It ensures that cortisol levels remain within a normal range by directly inhibiting the release of ACTH from the anterior pituitary. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The anterior pituitary releases ACTH, which stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Muscle growth and development (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thyroid hormone has a permissive effect on reproductive hormones. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Development of chronic conditions like hypertension and atherosclerosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hormones often interact to amplify or modify their effects. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Examining the role of thyroid hormone in maintaining body temperature. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Disruption of metabolism and potential developmental delays (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Negative feedback loop, where the product inhibits its own production. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Psychological stress can directly influence physical health and disease. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ACTH levels are low (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A tumor in the hypothalamus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased cortisol levels reduce CRH and ACTH secretion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secondary hypersecretion due to pituitary problem (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Negative feedback mechanism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Performing an MRI scan of the pituitary gland (A), Measuring ACTH levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CRH stimulates the release of ACTH from the anterior pituitary (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cortisol directly inhibits CRH and ACTH production (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary hypersecretion is due to a problem in the adrenal cortex, while secondary hypersecretion is due to a problem in either the pituitary or hypothalamus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary hypersecretion due to an adrenal cortex problem (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insulin-like Growth Factors (IGF) I and II (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Estrogens and Testosterone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thyroid Hormones &amp; Growth Hormone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prenatal and postnatal nutrition, disease and other environmental factors can all significantly impact growth. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They mainly act locally, either on the same cells or nearby cells, influencing growth. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aldosterone directly promotes sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion in the distal tubules of the kidneys, contributing to blood pressure regulation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secondary adrenal insufficiency (due to pituitary dysfunction) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Negative feedback regulation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The adrenal medulla releases catecholamines, such as epinephrine and norepinephrine, which contribute to the &quot;fight-or-flight&quot; response during stressful situations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A tumor in the adrenal cortex, leading to autonomous cortisol production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ectopic ACTH syndrome, where a non-pituitary tumor secretes ACTH (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cortisol directly inhibits the release of CRH from the hypothalamus and ACTH from the anterior pituitary. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secondary adrenal insufficiency due to a problem with the pituitary gland (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Measurement of ACTH levels in the blood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excess cortisol increases sodium retention and potassium excretion, leading to increased blood volume and subsequent hypertension. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dexamethasone suppression test (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The adrenal cortex is unable to produce cortisol, leading to the suppression of ACTH release. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ACTH independent adrenal adenoma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Central obesity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cortisol increases RANKL and decreases OPG production. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ectopic secretion consistently presents with high ACTH levels. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Weight gain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Direct inhibition of CRH and ACTH synthesis and release at the hypothalamus and pituitary, respectively. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dopamine acts as an inhibitory factor, suppressing prolactin release from the anterior pituitary. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased insulin sensitivity, leading to greater glucose uptake by cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Suppression of the immune system and increased risk of infections and other health complications. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Performing a blood test to measure ACTH and cortisol levels. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The adrenal glands will become hypertrophied and increase cortisol production, leading to Cushing's syndrome. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The RAA system directly stimulates the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex to produce aldosterone. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduced glucocorticoid production due to decreased ACTH (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperkalemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acute withdrawal of chronic glucocorticoids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Severe myalgias (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mineralocorticoid secretion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypopituitarism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prolonged fasting (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is less prominent and less severe (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thinning of the skin due to fat deposition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hormone replacement therapy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elevated CRH and ACTH levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autoimmune dysfunction against adrenal cortex (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adrenalectomy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autoimmune response (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Labile mood and depression (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ACTH (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secondary hyperthyroidism due to hypothalamic disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary hypothyroidism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secondary hyperthyroidism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excessive intake of thyroid hormone medications (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Graves' disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Graves' disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secondary hypothyroidism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secondary hyperthyroidism related to a pituitary tumor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Slowed metabolism and weight gain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It primarily affects males more than females. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibition of thyroid peroxidase by autoantibodies. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>TSH (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypothyroidism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Negative feedback loop, where elevated T4 inhibits TSH and TRH secretion. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Iodine deficiency (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It measures the biologically active, unbound form of T4, reflecting thyroid function more accurately. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a protein that stores and releases iodinated tyrosine residues for T3 and T4 production. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>TSH test correctly identifies 98% of individuals with thyroid disease and 92% of those without thyroid disease. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thyrotoxicosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>TSH levels will be high, leading to increased thyroid hormone production (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Propylthiouracil and iodide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Iodine deficiency (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The goiter is a result of a benign tumor and does not affect thyroid hormone production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>TSH levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thyroid hormone levels are primarily regulated by the hypothalamus. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chief cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maintaining metabolic stability and energy balance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Impaired cognitive function and delayed development in children (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Psychological stress can trigger the release of hormones that directly impact thyroid hormone production (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Direct control of glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxidation of iodide to iodine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>T4 is produced exclusively in the thyroid gland, while T3 is primarily derived from the peripheral conversion of T4. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thyroid peroxidase catalyzes the coupling of two iodinated tyrosine molecules to form T4 or T3. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enhanced sensitivity to cold temperatures and potential weight gain. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>T3's lower protein binding allows for more free, active form in the blood, explaining its greater potency. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>T3 can be produced directly in the thyroid gland but is more commonly formed in the peripheral tissues from T4. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Uptake of iodide → Oxidation of iodide to iodine → Iodination of thyroglobulin → Coupling of iodinated tyrosine residues → Proteolysis → Hormone secretion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An increase in the rate of peripheral conversion of T4 to T3. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>T4's higher protein binding is linked to its longer half-life, providing a sustained supply of T3 via conversion. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The liberation of free T3 and T4 from thyroglobulin. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diabetic Ketoacidosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased urine output due to hyperglycemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Microvascular Disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epinephrine (A), Cortisol (B), Glucagon (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glucagon (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gastrointestinal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased oxidative stress (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibition of gluconeogenesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased hydrostatic pressure in the portal vein (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased breakdown of fat for energy production (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Impaired production of red blood cells due to decreased erythropoietin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased production of thyroid-stimulating hormone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased production of ammonia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased cardiac output leading to increased pressure in the pulmonary capillaries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mean blood glucose is 240 mg/dL (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It involves autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Relative insulin deficiency due to beta cell dysfunction. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gestational Diabetes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>60% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic pancreatitis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased beta cell mass (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Absolute insulin deficiency (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic elevation of free fatty acids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Onset often before 20 years of age (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>180 mg/dl (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excessive hunger (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased retinal vascular permeability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neuropathy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cortisol (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Absence of acidosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperglycemia and acidosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dyslipidemia and hypertension (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exceeds renal glucose reabsorption capacity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Worsening of hyperglycemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diabetic retinopathy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A tumor in the adrenal cortex (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It provides a rapid, short-term response to stress through the release of catecholamines, complementing the slower, prolonged response mediated by the adrenal cortex and the HPA axis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased activity of the sebaceous gland due to hormonal fluctuations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Atopic dermatitis is characterized by a disruption of the skin barrier and an overactivation of Th2 cells, resulting in inflammation and pruritis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Topical corticosteroids suppress the immune response by blocking the production of cytokines like IL-4 and IL-31, thereby reducing inflammation and pruritis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dupilumab inhibits the production of IL-31, a key cytokine involved in the itching associated with atopic dermatitis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dry, red patches on the knees, elbows, and neck. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Erythema (redness) that typically starts on the face and spreads. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A chronic condition characterized by thickened, leathery skin due to persistent scratching and inflammation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They suppress the immune response by blocking the activation of T cells, reducing inflammation and pruritis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Papules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increase in sebum production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Frequent exercise (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Colonization of Cutibacterium acnes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are pale raised papules with a closed follicle. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Filaggrin mutation leads to decreased crosslinking of keratin filaments, resulting in a thinner and more permeable skin barrier. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Abnormal activation of mast cells and the release of histamine. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Atopic dermatitis is frequently co-associated with asthma, allergic rhinitis, and allergies, suggesting a common underlying immune dysregulation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The immune system produces excessive levels of IgE antibodies, which trigger mast cell degranulation and inflammation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is the primary trigger for the development of skin lesions and inflammation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The rash is usually highly contagious and easily spread to others. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It reduces the skin's natural barrier to allergens, leading to increased inflammation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It alters the composition of the skin microbiome, allowing some bacteria to thrive and others to be suppressed. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Psoriasis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inflammation and damage to the hair follicles due to recurrent psoriasis flares (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Guttate psoriasis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Erythrodermic psoriasis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Guttate psoriasis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Psoriatic arthritis commonly presents with asymmetrical joint involvement, specifically affecting the distal interphalangeal joints. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Koebner phenomenon, indicating the tendency for psoriasis to develop at sites of skin trauma. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Psoriatic arthritis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Psoriasis is a chronic condition that can be managed effectively, but there is no cure. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fat cells in the body that store energy as fat.

A system involving the hypothalamus and pituitary gland that controls hormones.

The front part of the pituitary gland that releases various hormones.

The back part of the pituitary gland, responsible for releasing hormones like oxytocin.

A regulatory mechanism where a change triggers a response that counteracts the initial change.

Hormones that stimulate other glands to release hormones.

A hormone released from the posterior pituitary involved in childbirth and bonding.

A hormone released from the posterior pituitary that regulates water balance in the body.

Increased formation of bone tissue, occurring notably in the first two years of life and during puberty.

A hormone that stimulates post-natal growth and protein synthesis, essential for normal growth patterns.

Hormones that stimulate cell division and contribute to growth, working closely with growth hormone.

Hormones that regulate fetal and post-natal growth and are important for protein synthesis.

Factors such as nutrition, disease, and environmental conditions that affect growth development.

A steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex, regulating metabolism and stress response.

A brain region controlling the release of hormones via the pituitary gland.

Adrenocorticotropic hormone, stimulates cortisol release from the adrenal cortex.

Corticotropin-releasing hormone, stimulates the release of ACTH from the anterior pituitary.

A regulatory mechanism where high levels of a hormone inhibit its own production.

A feedback mechanism where a hormone inhibits its own releasing hormone.

The outer layer of the adrenal glands, primarily secreting cortisol and other hormones.

Specific organs or cells that respond to a particular hormone.

Chemical messengers that regulate body functions.

A peptide hormone from pancreas regulating glucose levels.

A hormone from thyroid gland regulating metabolism and growth.

Types include peptide, steroid, and amino acid derivatives.

Regulates various physiological functions, including metabolism and immune response, with a circadian rhythm pattern.

The combined effect of hormones is greater than their individual effects.

One hormone allows another to exert its full effects, such as thyroid hormone on reproductive hormones.

Maintains homeostasis, metabolism, and growth and development in the body.

The process by which the thyroid gland produces thyroid hormones using iodide and amino acids.

Control of thyroid hormone levels through feedback mechanisms involving the hypothalamus and pituitary gland.

Stress affects the immune system and can lead to conditions like hypertension and atherosclerosis.

Biological processes that display an endogenous, entrainable oscillation of about 24 hours, like cortisol secretion patterns.

Excess hormone production in the body.

Excess cortisol due to adrenal cortex issues.

Excess hormone from pituitary or hypothalamic issues.

Indicators like high cortisol but low CRH and ACTH in primary.

Inhibition of fibroblast function leads to thin skin and striae.

Mood swings, concentration issues, and anxiety related to hormonal imbalances.

Reduced function of the immune system affecting cytokines and T-lymphocytes.

Primary adrenal insufficiency caused by adrenal cortex destruction.

Causes include tuberculosis and autoimmune dysfunction, common in different regions.

Compensatory increase in CRH and ACTH due to low adrenal hormones.

Includes hormone replacement and addressing underlying causes like surgery.

Cortisol regulates metabolism, immune response and experiences a daily rhythm.

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis regulates stress response and hormone secretion.

Part of the adrenal gland that secretes catecholamines like adrenaline.

A hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that regulates sodium and potassium balance.

Primary results from adrenal gland damage, while secondary is from pituitary dysfunction.

Variable and random ACTH levels, ranging from normal to high, with impaired stress response.

Characterized by variable and random high ACTH levels due to ectopic production.

Low ACTH levels with an intact HPA axis indicating ACTH-independent causes.

Clinical manifestations of Cushing's disease range from mild, difficult to diagnose to severe, easier to diagnose.

Central obesity, hypertension, glucose intolerance, muscular weakness, and andronergic effects.

A hormone released by the hypothalamus that stimulates the release of ACTH from the anterior pituitary.

A hormone released by the anterior pituitary that stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol.

A mechanism where cortisol inhibits the release of CRH and ACTH, preventing overproduction.

Involves CRH, ACTH, and cortisol in its regulation framework for stress response.

A protein that binds cortisol, regulating its availability in the bloodstream.

ACTH is stimulated by CRH and inhibited by high cortisol levels through negative feedback.

Mineralocorticoid production is mainly controlled by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAA) system.

Reduced glucocorticoid production due to low ACTH levels, affecting adrenal glands mildly or not at all.

Causes include exogenous steroids, hypopituitarism, and radiation therapy, leading to suppressed HPA axis.

Include hyperpigmentation, weight loss, dehydration, and electrolyte imbalances due to aldosterone loss.

Skin darkening, especially in areas like flexures, caused by increased ACTH stimulating melanocytes.

Includes hypotension, myalgias, malaise, anorexia, and fever during acute adrenocortical insufficiency.

Triggered by abrupt glucocorticoid withdrawal or severe stress like surgery or infections.

Focus on gradual steroid tapering and treating underlying conditions to prevent adrenal crisis.

Can include mild changes in Na and K levels, weakness, and mild dehydration, less pronounced than in primary.

A disorder caused by excess cortisol production.

A disorder due to insufficient production of adrenal hormones.

Affects 1-2 cases per 1 million, more common in women (8:1).

Cushing's due to external glucocorticoid administration.

A condition of insufficient aldosterone production.

Specific type of Cushing's due to an ACTH-producing pituitary adenoma.

The largest endocrine gland that produces thyroid hormones.

Cells in the thyroid that produce thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3).

Cells in the thyroid that produce calcitonin to regulate calcium levels.

Signs include weight loss, rapid heartbeat, and anxiety due to excess thyroid hormones.

Hormones released by the thyroid that control metabolism and growth.

A mechanism where increased T4 reduces TSH and TRH release.

A system that regulates thyroid hormone levels via feedback.

A hormone from the anterior pituitary that stimulates T4 production.

Direct measure of active thyroxine in the blood, important for diagnosing thyroid conditions.

Condition due to inadequate thyroid hormone secretion; most common thyroid disorder.

Causes include autoimmune diseases, iodine deficiency, and certain treatments.

An autoimmune disorder causing thyroid gland inflammation and reduced hormone production.

Includes weight loss, rapid heartbeat, and anxiety due to excess thyroid hormone.

Control of T4 and T3 levels through a feedback system.

Pituitary dysfunction caused by tumors, surgery, or radiation.

Disease affecting the hypothalamus, causing TRH deficiency.

A rare, life-threatening complication of untreated hypothyroidism.

The primary medication for treating hypothyroidism, T4 form.

Excessive production of thyroid hormones, more common in women.

The most common cause of hyperthyroidism, autoimmune in nature.

Malignant growth in the thyroid gland that can cause hyperthyroidism.

Thyroid issues caused by certain medications like amiodarone and lithium.

A thyroid hormone that is four times more potent than T4 and has a shorter plasma half-life of 1.5 days.

Thyroid hormones are formed primarily in the thyroid gland, with T3 also produced from T4 conversion.

Both T4 and T3 are tightly bound to proteins, with T4 at 99.96% and T3 at 99.6%.

T3 is synthesized from T4, with about 80% of T3 coming from this conversion.

The production process includes iodination, oxidation, and coupling of iodinated tyrosine.

A crucial step in thyroid hormone synthesis where iodide is added to tyrosine residues.

The reaction where iodinated tyrosine residues combine to form T3 and T4.

The release of T3 and T4 into circulation after proteolysis of thyroglobulin.

An enzyme that catalyzes the coupling of iodinated tyrosine to form thyroid hormones.

A life-threatening condition caused by excessive thyroid hormone release, leading to severe hypermetabolic state.

An enlargement of the thyroid gland, often due to iodine deficiency leading to increased thyroid hormone production.

Symptoms include weight loss, rapid heartbeat, and anxiety due to excess thyroid hormone production.

Hypothyroidism features slower physiological processes, while hyperthyroidism features faster processes.

Based on clinical presentation and lab values, primarily TSH and T4 levels.

Includes propylthiouracil, iodide, beta-blockers, steroids, and cooling methods.

Most commonly caused by iodine deficiency, leading to increased TSH and thyroid cell hyperplasia.

A group of diseases involving high blood sugar levels due to insulin deficiencies or resistance.

An autoimmune condition where the pancreas produces little to no insulin, often diagnosed in children or young adults.

A condition characterized by insulin resistance, usually developing in adults, often associated with obesity.

Symptoms of diabetes: excessive thirst, frequent urination, and increased hunger.

Average blood glucose levels over 2-3 months, expressed in percentage.

Diabetes that develops during pregnancy and typically resolves after delivery.

Immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own cells, such as pancreatic beta cells in Type I Diabetes.

The increase in insulin secretion in response to eating, primarily mediated by hormones like GLP-1.

Antibodies that indicate immune-mediated destruction of insulin-producing cells in type 1 diabetes.

Condition where the pancreas produces little to no insulin, characteristic of Type I Diabetes.

The pancreas has both exocrine and endocrine functions, producing enzymes and hormones.

Insulin promotes glucose uptake in tissues and inhibits gluconeogenesis.

Glucagon raises blood glucose levels by stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.

Hormones like epinephrine and cortisol that oppose insulin actions.

Epinephrine increases glycogen breakdown and inhibits insulin release during stress.

A byproduct of insulin production, indicating the amount of insulin made.

Diagnostic threshold for diabetes is fasting blood glucose ≥126 mg/dl.

Measures blood glucose after ingestion of glucose, used for diabetes diagnosis.

A lab test that indicates average blood glucose levels over the past 2-3 months.

Excessive thirst, frequent urination, fatigue, and blurred vision are common symptoms.

A condition where cells fail to respond effectively to insulin, leading to high glucose levels.

Accumulation of fat around the waist, associated with higher health risks than peripheral obesity.

Increased levels can disrupt insulin signaling, leading to diabetes.

A chronic condition affecting the way the body processes glucose, often linked with obesity.

Polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia are common symptoms of diabetes.

Results in decreased cellular uptake of glucose and increased liver production of glucose.

A severe condition characterized by high blood sugar and buildup of ketones, common in Type I diabetes.

A serious condition resulting from high blood sugar without significant ketoacidosis, more common in Type II.

Complications like nephropathy, retinopathy, and neuropathy caused by diabetes.

Serious cardiovascular issues linked to diabetes, including heart disease and stroke.

Nerve damage associated with diabetes, leading to pain or loss of sensation.

The process of breaking down glycogen to release glucose, increased in diabetes.

The synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, promoted by insulin resistance.

Skin cells responsible for forming the outer protective layer.

Cells that produce melanin, giving color to the skin and protecting against UV light.

Immune cells in the skin that help detect and fight pathogens.

Structures like hair follicles, nails, and sweat glands that are associated with the skin.

A chronic skin disorder characterized by red, scaly patches caused by accelerated skin cell turnover.

The thickest layer of the epidermis, consisting of dead cells.

The collagen-based layer beneath the epidermis, providing nutrients and immune support.

Glands that produce sebum to lubricate skin and hair.

Glands that regulate body temperature through sweat production.

Type of T-lymphocytes involved in the immune response of psoriasis.

Bleeding that occurs with mild disruption of psoriatic patches.

Arthritis that may develop 10 years after psoriasis diagnosis.

Common treatment for managing inflammation in psoriasis.

Common co-morbidities associated with psoriasis, impacting quality of life.

Development of psoriasis lesions at the site of skin trauma.

Common in psoriasis, noticeable symptoms include pitting and separation.

A condition characterized by decreased microbial diversity, often dominated by Staphylococcus aureus.

Increased activation of Th2 helper cells associated with allergic responses and inflammation.

Itching caused primarily by IL-31 and IL-4, more significant than histamine's role.

Characterized by weeping vesicles, pruritis, and erythma, usually starting on the cheeks.

Presents as dry, red patches that are pruritic and can lead to lichenification.

An inflammatory disorder of the pilosebaceous unit, primarily affecting the face, back, and chest.

Sebum consists of mono-, di-, triglycerides, sterol/wax esters, and squalene.