22 Questions
What is the function of chromophils in the pars distalis?
Produce hormone and store it in cytoplasmic granules
What percentage of the adenohypophysis is made up of the pars distalis?
75%
Which hormone is secreted by thyrotrophs?
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
What is the function of prolactin hormone?
Promotes milk secretion
What is the characteristic of cytoplasm in chromophobes?
Non-granular
Which of the following is NOT a type of basophil?
Acidophils
What type of tissue is made up of cells that release chemicals directly into the bloodstream?
Endocrine tissue
Which of the following is an example of a group of endocrine cells present in an organ with other functions?
Islets of pancreas
What is the name of the hormone that promotes bone growth specially during adolescence?
Growth hormone
Which lobe of the pituitary gland secretes many hormones, including growth hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone?
Anterior lobe
What is the name of the hormone that acts on the adrenal cortex to secret its hormones?
Adenocorticotropic hormone
Which of the following is NOT a type of endocrine gland?
Kidney
What is the term for the chemicals released by endocrine cells?
Hormones
Which of the following is a function of the endocrine system?
Coordination and control of metabolic activities
What type of hormone is secreted by corticotrophs?
Protein hormone
What percentage of chromophils are acidophils?
37%
What is the characteristic of acidophils in PAS staining?
Negative
What type of cells are predominant in the pars tuberalis?
Gonadotrophs
What is the function of vasopressin (ADH) hormone?
Regulation of water reabsorption in kidney tubules
What part of the posterior pituitary gland is connected to the base of the brain by the infundibular stalk and the median eminence?
Pars nervosa
What is the characteristic of basophils in PAS staining?
Positive
Which hormone is involved in the contraction of uterine smooth muscles?
Oxytocin
Study Notes
Endocrine System
- Endocrine tissue is composed of cells that release chemicals directly into the bloodstream.
- Endocrine glands include pituitary gland, pineal body, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, and adrenal glands.
- Groups of endocrine cells can be present in organs that have other functions, such as islets of pancreas, interstitial cells of the testes, kidneys, and follicles and corpora lutea of ovaries.
Hormones
- Hormones are chemicals released by endocrine cells that travel through the blood to target cells.
- Some hormones act only on one organ or one type of cell, while others have widespread effects.
Pituitary Gland
- Located in the base of the brain, the pituitary gland controls many body functions and other endocrine glands.
- Divided into two major lobes: anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) and posterior lobe (neurohypophysis).
Anterior Pituitary Gland (Adenohypophysis)
- Secrets many hormones, including:
- Growth hormone (GH), which promotes bone growth, especially during adolescence.
- Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroid hormone.
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which acts on the adrenal cortex to secrete its hormones.
- Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which promotes ovarian follicle development and estrogen secretion in women and stimulates spermatogenesis in men.
- Luteinizing hormone (LH), which stimulates the maturation of corpus luteum and progesterone secretion in women and Leydig cell stimulation and androgen secretion in men.
- Prolactin hormone, which promotes milk secretion.
Histology of Pituitary Gland
- Pars Distalis:
- Accounts for 75% of the adenohypophysis.
- Composed of cords of well-stained endocrine cells interspersed with fenestrated capillaries and supporting reticular connective tissue.
- Chromophils and Chromophobes:
- Chromophils are secretory cells that store hormone in cytoplasmic granules.
- Chromophobes are smaller, non-granular cells that act as a reserve.
- Acidophils and Basophils:
- Acidophils secrete either growth hormone or prolactin.
- Basophils are corticotrophs, gonadotrophs, and thyrotrophs, with target cells in the adrenal cortex, gonads, and thyroid gland, respectively.
Posterior Pituitary Gland (Neurohypophysis)
- Secrets two hormones:
- Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone), which controls reabsorption of water by kidney tubules.
- Oxytocin hormone, which controls the contraction of smooth muscles of the uterus and mammary glands.
Learn about the endocrine system, including endocrine glands and cells that release chemicals into the bloodstream. This quiz covers the basics of endocrine tissue and glands like pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands.
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