Endocrine System Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the function of plasma in blood?

  • Immune defense (correct)
  • Transporting oxygen
  • Regulating body temperature
  • Clotting support

    • Which blood disorder is characterized by an abnormal hemoglobin structure?

  • Polycythemia
  • Anemia
  • Leukemia
  • Sickle cell anemia (correct)

    • In the ABO blood group system, which antigens are found on type B red blood cells?

  • AB antigens
  • No antigens
  • B antigens (correct)
  • A antigens

    • Which of the following components is NOT found in whole blood?

    <p>Antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of hemostasis in the body?

    <p>Promoting blood clot formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves vasoconstriction, platelet plug formation, and coagulation?

    <p>Hemostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary locations for hematopoiesis in adults?

    <p>Bone marrow and spleen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medical condition involves an undesirable clot formation?

    <p>Thrombosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do ABO and Rh blood groups involve primarily?

    <p>Red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intervention is used to replace blood volume during hemorrhage or dehydration?

    <p>Fluids like saline or plasma expanders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct pathway of light through the eye to the retina?

    <p>Cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor, retina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder is caused by the elongation of the eyeball or cornea curvature issues?

    <p>Myopia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between rods and cones in vision?

    <p>Rods detect light intensity, cones detect color</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the humors of the eye?

    <p>Maintain intraocular pressure and shape of the eye</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the semicircular canals and vestibule help maintain equilibrium?

    <p>By detecting head movements and changes in head position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone regulates the sleep-wake cycle?

    <p>Melatonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the hormone that lowers blood sugar levels?

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones is not produced by the adrenal glands?

    <p>Testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main hormone produced by the placenta to support pregnancy?

    <p>Progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormones have roles in cardiovascular function, fluid balance, metabolism, immune response, and bone development?

    <p>Various hormones from different organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells give rise to red blood cells, platelets, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils?

    <p>Myeloid Progenitor Cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of ACTH?

    <p>Regulation of Hematopoiesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of cytokines, growth factors, and signaling molecules in hematopoiesis?

    <p>Regulate the differentiation and maturation of blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bioactive peptide is enzymatically cleaved from the precursor molecule POMC to yield ACTH?

    <p>ACTH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the specific role of myeloid cells in the bloodstream?

    <p>Oxygen transport and clotting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do hormones primarily exert their effects on target cells?

    <p>By binding to receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main classifications of hormones based on chemical structure?

    <p>Amino acid-based and steroid hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What regulates hormone release through negative feedback mechanisms?

    <p>Blood levels or nervous system signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the interactions of different hormones on the same target cell?

    <p>Synergism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the hypothalamus control the pituitary gland?

    <p>By releasing and inhibiting hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland produces hormones regulating the sleep-wake cycle?

    <p>Pineal gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Insulin lowers blood sugar levels, while glucagon raises them. Which gland controls the release of these hormones for blood sugar regulation?

    <p>Pancreas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone stimulates the pituitary gland to release ACTH?

    <p>CRH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for stress response and is produced by the adrenal glands?

    <p>Cortisol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does cortisol affect the release of CRH and ACTH?

    <p>Reduces the release of CRH and ACTH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ produces testosterone in males and estrogen and progesterone in females?

    <p>Ovaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In response to stress, what happens to the release of ACTH and cortisol?

    <p>Increased release of ACTH and cortisol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells are found in the digestive tract and release hormones to regulate digestion?

    <p>Enteroendocrine cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of ACTH in responding to stress?

    <p>Contributing to adaptation to physiological challenges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During what time of day does ACTH secretion typically peak?

    <p>In the early morning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two major mechanisms by which hormones bring about their effects on their target tissues?

    <p>Cell surface receptor activation and intracellular receptor activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is hormone release regulated?

    <p>Via negative feedback mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors influence the activation of a target cell by a hormone?

    <p>Number of hormone receptors on the target cell and hormone concentration in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List three kinds of interaction of different hormones acting on the same target cell.

    <p>Antagonistic, synergistic, and permissive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the structural and functional relationships between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland.

    <p>The hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland through releasing hormones that travel through a portal system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) in the body?

    <p>Stimulating the adrenal cortex to produce and release cortisol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which family of peptides does ACTH belong to?

    <p>Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) family</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the primary interaction between ACTH and the body occur?

    <p>Adrenal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiological processes are influenced by cortisol released due to ACTH stimulation?

    <p>Metabolism, immune response, and stress regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does ACTH contribute to maintaining homeostasis in the body?

    <p>By regulating the production of functional blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the lens in the eye?

    <p>Focus light onto the retina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which eye disorder is caused by uneven corneal curvature?

    <p>Astigmatism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between rods and cones in vision?

    <p>Rods provide color vision while cones provide black and white vision.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are smell receptors located in the human body?

    <p>In the olfactory epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of dark adaptation in the eyes?

    <p>Enhancing vision in low light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is distant and close vision achieved in the eye?

    <p>By changing the position of the lens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes myopia?

    <p>Lengthening of the eyeball</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of rods and cones in vision?

    <p>Detecting light intensity and color</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structures help maintain equilibrium in the body?

    <p>Outer, middle, and inner ears</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are smell receptors activated?

    <p>Through direct stimulation by odor molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the semicircular canals in the inner ear?

    <p>Detecting head movements and position for equilibrium maintenance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is sound transduction achieved in the cochlea?

    <p>Through vibration of the tympanic membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure in the ear is responsible for transmitting sound to the internal ear fluids?

    <p>Ossicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of taste receptors located on taste buds?

    <p>Activating in response to chemicals in food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ is primarily responsible for producing hormones that regulate pregnancy?

    <p>Placenta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland is responsible for storing and releasing oxytocin and vasopressin?

    <p>Posterior pituitary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of calcitonin in the body?

    <p>Influencing calcium homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones regulates metabolism?

    <p>Growth hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the outer ear and middle ear contribute to hearing?

    <p>By transmitting sound to the internal ear fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, which gland is controlled by the hypothalamus through releasing and inhibiting hormones?

    <p>Pituitary gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the pineal gland contribute to the regulation of the sleep-wake cycle?

    <p>By secreting melatonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of parathyroid hormone?

    <p>Regulating calcium levels in the blood and bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organs does NOT directly produce hormones related to metabolism?

    <p>Testes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are enteroendocrine cells primarily located?

    <p>Digestive tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organs produces hormones with roles in cardiovascular function, fluid balance, and immune response?

    <p>Kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Platelets aid in clotting by forming a temporary plug at injury sites. Hemostasis involves vasoconstriction, platelet plug formation, and ______.

    <p>coagulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Factors limiting clot formation include anticoagulants and ______.

    <p>fibrinolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ABO and Rh blood groups involve antigens on ______.

    <p>RBCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fluids like saline or plasma expanders replace blood volume in cases of ______ or dehydration.

    <p>hemorrhage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hematopoiesis is the process of blood cell formation that occurs primarily in the bone marrow. Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs) are undifferentiated cells with the potential to become various blood cell types. They reside in the bone marrow. Multi-potent Progenitor Cells: HSCs give rise to multipotent progenitor cells that can differentiate into either myeloid or lymphoid progenitor cells. These are undifferentiated cells with the potential to become various blood cell types. They reside in the bone ______.

    <p>marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blood functions include oxygen transport, nutrient delivery, waste removal, immune defense, clotting, and regulation of body temperature and ______

    <p>pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Whole blood is composed of plasma and formed elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes, and ______). Classified as connective tissue due to cells suspended in an extracellular matrix (plasma).

    <p>platelets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Plasma is a straw-colored liquid containing water, electrolytes, ______, hormones, and waste products. Functions include nutrient and waste transport, immune response, and clotting support.

    <p>proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Erythrocytes (red blood cells) transport oxygen. Biconcave disc shape increases surface area, lacks a nucleus, and produced in the ______ marrow.

    <p>bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein in erythrocytes, consists of four globin protein chains and heme groups containing ______.

    <p>iron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Myeloid Progenitor Cells differentiate into various myeloid cells, including red blood cells, platelets, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, and ______.

    <p>basophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lymphoid Progenitor Cells give rise to lymphocytes, including T cells, B cells, and natural killer (NK) ______.

    <p>cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cytokines, growth factors, and other signaling molecules play crucial roles in regulating ______ at various stages.

    <p>hematopoiesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ACTH primarily stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce and release ______, a glucocorticoid hormone involved in various physiological processes.

    <p>cortisol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The differentiated cells undergo further maturation, and functional blood cells are released into the bloodstream to perform their specific roles in the immune system (lymphocytes) or in oxygen transport and clotting (myeloid ______).

    <p>cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ results from uneven corneal curvature

    <p>Astigmatism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ involves increased intraocular pressure

    <p>Glaucoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ are the balance organs in the ear

    <p>Semicircular canals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ is a common ear disorder

    <p>Otitis media</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Accessory eye structures include eyelids, eyelashes, and ______ apparatus

    <p>lacrimal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ is the process of blood cell formation that occurs primarily in the bone marrow.

    <p>Hematopoiesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Light is focused for distant and close vision through the adjustment of the ______.

    <p>lens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The balance organs of the semicircular canals and the vestibule help maintain ______.

    <p>equilibrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cataracts and glaucoma are eye disorders that can lead to vision loss if not treated properly.

    <p>consequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Accessory eye structures, like eyelashes and eyebrows, serve to protect the eyes from dust and debris and enhance facial ______.

    <p>features</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ receptors, located on taste buds, are activated by chemicals in food

    <p>Taste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sound travels through the external auditory canal, vibrates the tympanic membrane, and moves the ossicles to transmit sound to the internal ear ______

    <p>fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ canals and vestibule of the inner ear contribute to equilibrium maintenance

    <p>Semicircular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Otitis media results from middle ear ______

    <p>inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ménière’s syndrome involves inner ear fluid imbalance, leading to vertigo and ______ loss

    <p>hearing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland through releasing and inhibiting ______, forming the hypothalamic-pituitary axis.

    <p>hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hormone release is regulated by ______ feedback mechanisms, influenced by factors like blood levels or nervous system signals.

    <p>negative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hormones exert effects through binding to ______ or by altering membrane permeability.

    <p>receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Thyroid hormones regulate metabolism (T3 and T4), and calcitonin influences ______ homeostasis.

    <p>calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Thyroxine (T4) is produced in the thyroid follicles and released into the ______.

    <p>bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _______ controls involve chemical messengers (hormones) carried by the bloodstream, while neural controls use nerve impulses.

    <p>Hormonal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The structural and functional relationships between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland are _______

    <p>intimate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Thyroxine formation and release follow a _______ process.

    <p>regulated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The chief effects of anterior pituitary hormones can be _______

    <p>diverse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Activation of a target cell by a hormone is influenced by various _______

    <p>factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ACTH primarily stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce and release ______

    <p>cortisol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs) have the potential to become various blood cell types and reside in the bone ______

    <p>marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Myeloid Progenitor Cells differentiate into various myeloid cells, including red blood cells, platelets, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, and ______

    <p>basophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Platelets aid in clotting by forming a temporary plug at injury sites. Hemostasis involves vasoconstriction, platelet plug formation, and ______

    <p>coagulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Plasma is a liquid containing water, electrolytes, hormones, and waste products. Functions include nutrient and waste transport, immune response, and ______ support

    <p>clotting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Otitis media is an inflammation of the middle ear, often causing ______ and ear pain

    <p>deafness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ménière’s syndrome is characterized by episodes of vertigo, tinnitus, hearing loss, and a feeling of ______ in the ear

    <p>fullness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Light adaptation allows the eyes to adjust to ______ conditions

    <p>bright</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dark adaptation enhances vision in ______ light

    <p>low</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Smell receptors are located in the olfactory epithelium, activated by odor molecules and sending signals to the ______

    <p>olfactory bulb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Accessory eye structures, like eyelashes and eyebrows, serve to protect the eyes from dust and debris and enhance facial ______.

    <p>features</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pathway of impulses traveling from the cochlea to the auditory cortex is crucial for auditory ______.

    <p>perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Taste receptors located on taste buds are activated by specific ______ in the food.

    <p>molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Taste receptors, located on taste buds, are activated by chemicals in food, with afferent pathways to the ______ cortex.

    <p>gustatory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The visual pathway to the visual cortex involves complex neural processing to interpret and understand the information received from the ______.

    <p>retina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sound travels through the external auditory canal, vibrates the tympanic membrane, and moves the ossicles to transmit sound to the ______ ear fluids.

    <p>internal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Semicircular canals and vestibule of the inner ear contribute to equilibrium maintenance by detecting head movements and ______.

    <p>position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Smell receptors are located in the ______ region of the nasal cavity.

    <p>olfactory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Differentiation of pitch and loudness is related to specific hair cell stimulation, while sound localization relies on comparing signals from both ______.

    <p>ears</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Smell receptors are primarily located in the ______.

    <p>nose</p> Signup and view all the answers

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