Endocrine System Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is true regarding endocrine glands?

  • They secrete hormones through ducts.
  • They secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. (correct)
  • They primarily affect local tissues.
  • They are poorly vascularized.

    • The 40x objective lens is stated as the most useful when initially scanning the whole slide for large structures on a tissue sample.

    False (B)

    What is the general recommendation before placing a slide on the microscope stage?

    Observe the slide against a white paper

    The pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus by a structure called the ______ stalk.

    <p>infundibular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the gland with its classification:

    <p>Anterior Pituitary = Endocrine Sweat Gland = Exocrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is produced by the pituitary gland?

    <p>Growth Hormone (GH) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) is released by the thyroid gland.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the target of Luteinizing Hormone (LH)?

    <p>Reproductive organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hormone that stimulates milk production is called ______.

    <p>Prolactin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each hormone with its primary target:

    <p>Growth Hormone (GH) = Bones and Muscles Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) = Thyroid Gland Oxytocin = Uterus Prolactin = Mammary Glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a target of the pituitary gland hormones?

    <p>Adrenal glands (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Oxytocin is not released by the pituitary gland.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is secreted by the parathyroid gland?

    <p>Parathormone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The thyroid gland primarily regulates metabolism and stress response.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland is responsible for increasing sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys?

    <p>Adrenal gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pancreas lowers blood glucose levels by promoting glucose uptake into ______.

    <p>cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following glands with their primary functions:

    <p>Thyroid gland = Regulates metabolism Parathyroid gland = Regulates calcium levels Adrenal gland = Prepares the body for fight-or-flight response Pancreas = Regulates blood glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is involved in the development of male secondary sex characteristics?

    <p>Testosterone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pancreatic islets secrete digestive enzymes.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the adrenal cortex?

    <p>Regulating metabolism and reducing inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hormone that stimulates the liver to release glucose into the bloodstream is ______.

    <p>glucagon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the adrenal glands?

    <p>Stimulating digestive enzyme release (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates primordial follicles to develop into primary follicles?

    <p>Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Granulosa cells surround the oocyte in primary follicles.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key fluid feature that distinguishes secondary follicles from primary follicles?

    <p>Follicular fluid in the antrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ gland regulates the menstrual cycle and promotes the development of female secondary sexual characteristics.

    <p>ovaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the hormones with their functions:

    <p>Estrogen = Stimulates development of female secondary sexual characteristics Progesterone = Prepares the uterus for pregnancy Testosterone = Stimulates development of male secondary sexual characteristics Inhibin = Inhibits FSH secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelium surrounds primary follicles?

    <p>Cuboidal epithelium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Secondary follicles contain a single layer of cuboidal epithelium around the oocyte.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What regulates sperm production in males?

    <p>Inhibin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ is a gland that helps regulate the menstrual cycle.

    <p>pineal gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do granulosa cells play in secondary follicles?

    <p>They secrete estrogens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Endocrine vs Exocrine Glands

    Endocrine glands secrete hormones into the bloodstream; exocrine glands secrete substances through ducts.

    Major Endocrine Glands

    Includes hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas, and gonads.

    Hormone Functions

    Hormones regulate various bodily functions like growth, metabolism, and homeostasis.

    Homeostasis Examples

    Hormones like insulin and glucagon maintain blood sugar levels.

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    Hyposecretion vs Hypersecretion

    Hyposecretion leads to insufficient hormone levels; hypersecretion causes excess hormone release.

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    Growth Hormone (GH)

    A hormone that stimulates growth and cell reproduction.

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    Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

    Hormone that stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones.

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    Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

    Hormone that triggers ovulation and testosterone production.

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    Prolactin

    Hormone responsible for milk production in mammals.

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    Oxytocin

    Hormone that promotes bonding and childbirth contractions.

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    Adrenal Glands

    Glands that produce hormones such as cortisol and adrenaline.

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    Melanocytes

    Cells in the skin that produce melanin, affecting skin color.

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    Thyroid Gland

    An endocrine gland that regulates metabolism and calcium levels.

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    Parathyroid Gland

    Glands that regulate calcium levels in the blood through parathormone.

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    Parathormone

    Hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands to increase blood calcium levels.

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    Fight-or-Flight Response

    A physiological reaction preparing the body to respond to a threat.

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    Insulin

    Hormone that decreases blood glucose levels by promoting uptake in cells.

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    Glucagon

    Hormone that increases blood glucose levels by stimulating glucose release.

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    Pancreas

    An organ that secretes digestive enzymes and hormones regulating blood sugar.

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    Metabolism Regulation

    Process by which hormones like insulin and glucagon control metabolic rate.

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    Primordial follicles

    Immature oocytes found at the outer edge of the ovarian cortex.

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    Primary follicles

    Follicles that develop from primordial under FSH influence, characterized by a single layer of cuboidal epithelial cells.

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    Granulosa cells

    Mature follicular cells that surround the oocyte in primary follicles, involved in estrogen secretion.

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    Secondary follicles

    Follicles with an antrum filled with follicular fluid, developing from primary follicles under FSH stimulus.

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    Function of ovaries

    Regulate menstrual cycle, develop female traits, prepare uterus for pregnancy.

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    Estrogens

    Hormones secreted by granulosa cells that play key roles in female reproductive functions.

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    Pineal gland

    A gland in the brain that regulates hormones and sleep patterns.

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    FSH

    Follicle Stimulating Hormone; promotes development of follicles and regulates menstrual cycle.

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    Menstrual cycle regulation

    Control of ovulation and menstruation through hormones like FSH and estrogens.

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    Study Notes

    Endocrine System

    • The endocrine system comprises various organs and tissues secreting hormones into interstitial fluid.
    • Circulating hormones diffuse into capillaries, transported throughout the body.
    • Local hormones affect neighboring cells or the secreting cell, inactivated quickly.
    • Circulating hormones active for minutes to hours.
    • Hormones only affect target cells with specific receptors.
    • Receptors found inside or on the plasma membrane of target cells.
    • Hormones lead to metabolic and growth changes in target cells.
    • Endocrine glands studied: pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, suprarenal (adrenal), and pineal glands.
    • Other organs also contain cells/tissues with endocrine function (hypothalamus, pancreas, ovaries, testes, and thymus).

    Studying Tissues/Organs

    • Before placing slides under the microscope, examine them against a white background.
    • Identify large structures and compare to known anatomy.
    • Observe tissue appearance (lobes or solid), color changes, or patterns.
    • Start at low magnification (4x/10x) for large structures, then increase to 40x for details.
    • Match observable structures on the slide to photomicrographs and drawings.
    • Notice cell groupings, connective tissue presence, and vascularization (location of capillaries/blood vessels).

    Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland

    • The hypothalamus is in the brain, synthesizes several hormones.
    • The pituitary gland (sella turcica in sphenoid bone) releases these hormones.
    • The hypophyseal portal system carries hormones directly to the anterior pituitary.
    • The posterior pituitary stores hormones.
    • Seven hormones released from the anterior pituitary enter general circulation.
    • Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) are packaged into posterior pituitary vesicles.

    Pituitary Gland Histology

    • Distinguish anterior (darker stained) and posterior (lighter stained)pituitary glands.
    • Anterior pituitary composed of glandular epithelium (cuboidal).
    • Posterior pituitary stains light pink, an extension of the brain (neurons).

    Hormones Released by Pituitary

    • Growth hormone (GH): target tissues: liver, bone, muscle, and cartilage, stimulates growth and cell reproduction.
    • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): stimulates the thyroid to secrete T3 and T4.
    • Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): stimulates egg or sperm development.
    • Luteinizing hormone (LH): stimulates ovulation or testosterone production.
    • Prolactin stimulates milk production.
    • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): stimulates the release of cortisol from adrenal cortex.
    • Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH): regulates melanin production.
    • Oxytocin: stimulates uterine contractions and milk ejection during lactation.
    • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH): increases water reabsorption and constricts blood vessels.

    Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands

    • Thyroid gland is inferior to the larynx.
    • Parathyroid glands are posterior to thyroid.
    • Thyroid glands store hormones in follicles.
    • Follicular cells synthesize thyroglobulin and iodine.
    • Parafollicular cells produce calcitonin.
    • Parathyroid glands have principal and oxyphil cells.
    • Principal cells produce parathyroid hormone (PTH) to regulate calcium levels.

    Thyroid and Parathyroid Histology

    • Thyroid gland examined at 10x. Identifies follicles (large oval sacs), follicular cells, and parafollicular cells.
    • Parathyroid glands viewed at 10x, showing a dense mass of cells.
    • Differences in structure between thyroid and parathyroid tissues must be accounted for as well.

    Suprarenal (Adrenal) Glands

    • Suprarenal glands located retroperitoneally above the kidneys.
    • Cortex (outer) layer has three zones.
    • The zones secrete different hormones: mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), glucocorticoids (cortisol), androgens (DHEA).
    • Medulla (inner) produces epinephrine and norepinephrine.

    Pancreatic Islets

    • Pancreas is retroperitoneal, has exocrine (digestive enzymes) and endocrine (insulin and glucagon) functions.
    • Pancreatic islets (Islets of Langerhans) contain alpha cells (glucagon), and beta cells (insulin).

    Pancreatic Histology

    • Pancreatic tissue examined at 4x and 10x shows lobules separated by connective tissue and blood vessels.
    • Pancreatic acini, the groups of cells, are visible.
    • Pancreatic islets (lighter-staining) are scattered throughout the acini.

    Gonads (Ovaries and Testes)

    • Ovaries and testes produce gametes and hormones.
    • Ovarian follicles develop, releasing eggs and hormones (estrogens, progesterone, inhibin).
    • Corpus luteum develops after ovulation, secreting hormones.
    • Testes produce sperm and hormones (testosterone, inhibin).
    • Leydig cells within the testes secrete testosterone.

    Pineal Gland

    • The pineal gland is in the brain, produces melatonin.

    Thymus Gland

    • Thymus is in the mediastinum.
    • Lobes are divided by connective tissue.
    • Produces thymosin, thymic humoral factor (THF), thymic factor (TF), and thymopoietin.

    Endocrine Disorders

    • Hyposecretion (inadequate hormone levels) or hypersecretion (excessive hormone levels) lead to various conditions (e.g., pituitary dwarfism, gigantism, acromegaly, diabetes insipidus, hypo/hyperthyroidism).
    • Imbalances in hormone production can significantly impact body function and health.

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    Related Documents

    Lab 14 Endocrine System PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores the components and functions of the endocrine system, detailing how hormones are secreted and their impacts on target cells. It also covers the various endocrine glands and their roles in metabolic and growth processes. Ideal for students studying human anatomy and physiology.

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