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Questions and Answers
Steroids are derived from ______.
Steroids are derived from ______.
cholesterol
Monoamines are secreted by the adrenal medulla, pineal, and ______ glands.
Monoamines are secreted by the adrenal medulla, pineal, and ______ glands.
thyroid
Hydrophilic hormones mix easily with blood plasma and travel within ______ in ground substance.
Hydrophilic hormones mix easily with blood plasma and travel within ______ in ground substance.
plasma filtrate
Hydrophobic hormones bind to ______ proteins to travel through the bloodstream.
Hydrophobic hormones bind to ______ proteins to travel through the bloodstream.
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Most endocrine hormones that are peptides are created from ______ chains.
Most endocrine hormones that are peptides are created from ______ chains.
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Pure endocrine organs are denoted as ______.
Pure endocrine organs are denoted as ______.
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Organs like the kidneys and gonads are considered ______ organs.
Organs like the kidneys and gonads are considered ______ organs.
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The ______ gland is one of the pure endocrine organs.
The ______ gland is one of the pure endocrine organs.
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Hormones are released into the ______ by endocrine glands.
Hormones are released into the ______ by endocrine glands.
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Nervous signaling is characterized by an ______ means of communication.
Nervous signaling is characterized by an ______ means of communication.
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Endocrine signaling reacts ______ and effects persist longer compared to nervous signaling.
Endocrine signaling reacts ______ and effects persist longer compared to nervous signaling.
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The area of effect for the nervous system is ______ and specific.
The area of effect for the nervous system is ______ and specific.
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Some hormones are secreted by neurons in the ______ that release them into the bloodstream.
Some hormones are secreted by neurons in the ______ that release them into the bloodstream.
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The ______ axis is responsible for the regulation of thyroid hormones.
The ______ axis is responsible for the regulation of thyroid hormones.
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Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) stimulates the pituitary glands in the ______ axis.
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) stimulates the pituitary glands in the ______ axis.
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Gonadotropin hormone-releasing hormone (GnRH) triggers the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) in the ______ axis.
Gonadotropin hormone-releasing hormone (GnRH) triggers the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) in the ______ axis.
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In the HPL axis, Growth Hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) stimulates the secretion of ______ hormone.
In the HPL axis, Growth Hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) stimulates the secretion of ______ hormone.
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The hypothalamic-pituitary-______ axis is involved in growth regulation.
The hypothalamic-pituitary-______ axis is involved in growth regulation.
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Hydrophilic hormones must act on ______-bound receptors.
Hydrophilic hormones must act on ______-bound receptors.
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The receptors are coupled to ______ proteins that activate an intracellular second messenger system.
The receptors are coupled to ______ proteins that activate an intracellular second messenger system.
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The hormone binds to the cell-surface ______.
The hormone binds to the cell-surface ______.
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Hydrophobic hormones bind to ______ intracellular receptors.
Hydrophobic hormones bind to ______ intracellular receptors.
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This complex then moves to the ______ and can activate or inactivate gene expression.
This complex then moves to the ______ and can activate or inactivate gene expression.
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One hormone molecule can activate ______ enzyme molecules, allowing for potent effects.
One hormone molecule can activate ______ enzyme molecules, allowing for potent effects.
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Hydrophilic hormones stimulate physiology while hydrophobic hormones can penetrate ______ membranes.
Hydrophilic hormones stimulate physiology while hydrophobic hormones can penetrate ______ membranes.
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Hormones that use the second messenger system include ______ hormones.
Hormones that use the second messenger system include ______ hormones.
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The anterior pituitary is also known as the ______.
The anterior pituitary is also known as the ______.
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The posterior pituitary is referred to as the ______.
The posterior pituitary is referred to as the ______.
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Oxytocin and anti-diuretic hormone are released into the ______ directly.
Oxytocin and anti-diuretic hormone are released into the ______ directly.
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Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH) is one of the six regulatory hormones that affect the ______.
Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH) is one of the six regulatory hormones that affect the ______.
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Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone (PIH) inhibits the secretion of ______.
Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone (PIH) inhibits the secretion of ______.
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Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone (GHIH) is also known as ______.
Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone (GHIH) is also known as ______.
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Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is a reproductive hormone released by ______ that targets the gonads.
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is a reproductive hormone released by ______ that targets the gonads.
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The hypothalamus produces hormones that travel through the hypophyseal ______ to control adenohypophysis secretions.
The hypothalamus produces hormones that travel through the hypophyseal ______ to control adenohypophysis secretions.
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Luteinizing Hormone (LH) stimulates __________.
Luteinizing Hormone (LH) stimulates __________.
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Prolactin (PRL) enhances secretion of __________ by testes.
Prolactin (PRL) enhances secretion of __________ by testes.
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The thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) targets the __________ gland.
The thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) targets the __________ gland.
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Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) stimulates secretion of __________.
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) stimulates secretion of __________.
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Growth Hormone (GH) stimulates secretion of __________-like growth factor 1.
Growth Hormone (GH) stimulates secretion of __________-like growth factor 1.
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Hyposecretion of Growth Hormone in children can result in __________.
Hyposecretion of Growth Hormone in children can result in __________.
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Thyroxine (T4) increases energy __________ and heat production.
Thyroxine (T4) increases energy __________ and heat production.
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Hypothyroidism in adults is often caused by __________ production of thyroid hormone.
Hypothyroidism in adults is often caused by __________ production of thyroid hormone.
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Hyperparathyroidism is usually due to a __________ tumor.
Hyperparathyroidism is usually due to a __________ tumor.
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The adrenal medulla releases __________ and norepinephrine during stress.
The adrenal medulla releases __________ and norepinephrine during stress.
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Cortisol helps the body adapt to long-term __________.
Cortisol helps the body adapt to long-term __________.
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Cushing syndrome results from hypersecretion of __________.
Cushing syndrome results from hypersecretion of __________.
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Addison's disease involves hyposecretion of both cortisol and __________.
Addison's disease involves hyposecretion of both cortisol and __________.
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Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases blood __________ levels.
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases blood __________ levels.
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Graves' disease is associated with __________ of thyroid hormone.
Graves' disease is associated with __________ of thyroid hormone.
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Study Notes
Endocrine Physiology Overview
- The endocrine system maintains homeostasis across many body systems.
- It regulates many bodily processes, including cellular metabolism and division, bone growth and remodeling, muscle tone and metabolism, joint lubrication, and cognitive functions.
Endocrine Signaling Mechanisms
- Paracrine signaling: Hormones secreted to nearby cells.
- Exocrine signaling: Hormones secreted through ducts to outside of the body.
- Endocrine signaling: Hormones secreted into the bloodstream, acting on multiple target tissues.
Hormone Action and Endocrine Glands
- Endocrine cells in organs secrete hormones into capillary beds and then into the bloodstream.
- Hormones travel in the bloodstream to target cells or organs, triggering a physiological response.
- Pure endocrine organs: Pituitary, pineal, thyroid, and parathyroid glands, adrenal glands.
- Multi-tasker organs: Kidneys, gonads, gastrointestinal tract organs, liver, pancreas, lungs, and heart.
Nervous and Endocrine System Comparison
- Communication: Nervous system uses electrochemical signals (short distance); endocrine system uses chemical signals (long distance).
- Speed: Nervous system reacts quickly, endocrine system response is slower but effects persist.
- Specificity: Nervous system effects are targeted, endocrine system effects are more general.
Hormone Chemical Classes
- Steroids: Derived from cholesterol (e.g., sex hormones, glucocorticoids).
- Monoamines: Derived from single amino acids (e.g., epinephrine, norepinephrine, melatonin).
- Peptides/glycoproteins: Created from amino acid chains (most common type).
Hormone Transport
- Hydrophilic hormones (peptides, most monoamines) mix with blood plasma.
- Hydrophobic hormones (steroids, thyroid hormone) bind to carrier proteins.
Hormone Receptor Signaling
- Hydrophilic hormones bind to membrane-bound receptors, triggering a second messenger system.
- Hydrophilic hormone action is slower but effect is longer-lasting.
- Hydrophobic hormones penetrate the cell membrane and bind to intracellular receptors.
Hormone Release Stimulus Mechanisms
- Humoral stimuli: Changes in blood ion or nutrient levels (e.g., calcium).
- Neural stimuli: Nervous system stimulation (e.g., stress).
- Hormonal stimuli: Hormones from other glands stimulate release (e.g., neuroendocrine axes).
Neuroendocrine Axes (e.g., HPT axis, HPA axis, HPG axis)
- Hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis (HPT): Controls thyroid hormone production/release.
- Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA): Controls cortisol production/release.
- Hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPG): Controls sex hormone production/release.
Hormone Potency
- Hormone potency depends on concentration in the bloodstream (saturable), the rate of release, and speed of inactivation.
Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
- Anterior Pituitary (adenohypophysis): Produces and regulates many hormones.
- Posterior Pituitary (neurohypophysis): Stores and releases oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone.
Reproductive and Metabolic Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary
- Reproductive: Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin (PRL).
- Metabolic: Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), growth hormone (GH).
Adrenal Glands
- Adrenal medulla: Produces epinephrine and norepinephrine.
- Adrenal cortex: Produces cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormones.
Important Imbalances
- Hypercortisolemia (Cushing syndrome)
- Adrenocortical insufficiency (Addison's disease)
- Hyperparathyroidism
- Hypoparathyroidism
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Description
Test your knowledge on the endocrine system and its functions. This quiz covers topics such as hormone types, glands, and the differences between endocrine and nervous signaling. Ideal for students studying human biology or anatomy.
