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Questions and Answers
What is the principal effect of growth hormone (GH)?
What is the principal effect of growth hormone (GH)?
Which hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol?
Which hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol?
What is a primary action of luteinizing hormone (LH) in females?
What is a primary action of luteinizing hormone (LH) in females?
What effect does melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) have on pigmentation?
What effect does melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) have on pigmentation?
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Which hormone primarily influences the maturity of the Graafian follicle in females?
Which hormone primarily influences the maturity of the Graafian follicle in females?
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Which symptom is NOT associated with the gastrointestinal system in renal failure?
Which symptom is NOT associated with the gastrointestinal system in renal failure?
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What is a possible cause for inadequate blood flow leading to renal failure?
What is a possible cause for inadequate blood flow leading to renal failure?
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Which of the following symptoms is characteristic of the nervous system during renal failure?
Which of the following symptoms is characteristic of the nervous system during renal failure?
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What symptom indicates a potential respiratory issue in renal failure?
What symptom indicates a potential respiratory issue in renal failure?
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What does not serve as a diagnostic examination for renal failure confirmation?
What does not serve as a diagnostic examination for renal failure confirmation?
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Which dietary component should be limited in the treatment of renal failure?
Which dietary component should be limited in the treatment of renal failure?
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Which condition is NOT a cause of nephron damage resulting in renal failure?
Which condition is NOT a cause of nephron damage resulting in renal failure?
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What complication is indicated by fever and chills in patients with renal failure?
What complication is indicated by fever and chills in patients with renal failure?
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What role do antigens play in the immune response?
What role do antigens play in the immune response?
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Where do erythrocytes mature?
Where do erythrocytes mature?
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Which type of T cell directly kills infected or malignant cells?
Which type of T cell directly kills infected or malignant cells?
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What identifies helper T cells?
What identifies helper T cells?
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What is the primary function of antibodies?
What is the primary function of antibodies?
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Which statement is true about B cells?
Which statement is true about B cells?
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What consequence does HIV have on helper T cells?
What consequence does HIV have on helper T cells?
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What is the function of lymphokines produced by helper T cells?
What is the function of lymphokines produced by helper T cells?
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Which type of T cells are responsible for stopping the actions of other T cells when the immune response is under control?
Which type of T cells are responsible for stopping the actions of other T cells when the immune response is under control?
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Which immunoglobulin is primarily found in body fluids and is crucial for guarding the entrances of the body?
Which immunoglobulin is primarily found in body fluids and is crucial for guarding the entrances of the body?
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What is the primary difference between active and passive immunity?
What is the primary difference between active and passive immunity?
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Which immunoglobulin type is most abundant in the body and can cross the placental barrier?
Which immunoglobulin type is most abundant in the body and can cross the placental barrier?
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What is a characteristic of early signs and symptoms of HIV infection?
What is a characteristic of early signs and symptoms of HIV infection?
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Which immunoglobulin type is effective against parasites and also involved in allergic reactions?
Which immunoglobulin type is effective against parasites and also involved in allergic reactions?
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Where is the AIDS epidemic primarily prevalent?
Where is the AIDS epidemic primarily prevalent?
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How long can it take for severe symptoms of HIV infection to appear in adults?
How long can it take for severe symptoms of HIV infection to appear in adults?
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What does an elevated Hemoglobin A1c indicate?
What does an elevated Hemoglobin A1c indicate?
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Which hormone is responsible for stimulating contraction of the uterus during childbirth?
Which hormone is responsible for stimulating contraction of the uterus during childbirth?
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Which test is commonly used to check for pregnancy?
Which test is commonly used to check for pregnancy?
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What symptom is NOT associated with diabetic coma (hyperglycemia)?
What symptom is NOT associated with diabetic coma (hyperglycemia)?
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What is the primary function of insulin?
What is the primary function of insulin?
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Which hormone regulates the exchange of calcium between the bones and blood?
Which hormone regulates the exchange of calcium between the bones and blood?
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What is a common effect of insulin shock (hypoglycemia)?
What is a common effect of insulin shock (hypoglycemia)?
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What characterizes the glucose tolerance test?
What characterizes the glucose tolerance test?
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What is the effect of adrenaline (epinephrine) on the body?
What is the effect of adrenaline (epinephrine) on the body?
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Which hormone is primarily involved in regulating electrolyte balances?
Which hormone is primarily involved in regulating electrolyte balances?
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What is a primary symptom of insulin shock (hypoglycemia)?
What is a primary symptom of insulin shock (hypoglycemia)?
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Which is NOT a characteristic feature of diabetic coma?
Which is NOT a characteristic feature of diabetic coma?
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What role do the ovaries play in the endocrine system?
What role do the ovaries play in the endocrine system?
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What role does Metformin play in diabetes management?
What role does Metformin play in diabetes management?
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Which hormone is responsible for the production of T lymphocyte cells?
Which hormone is responsible for the production of T lymphocyte cells?
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Which hormone is known to influence circadian rhythms?
Which hormone is known to influence circadian rhythms?
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Which of these hormones increases metabolism and promotes normal growth and development?
Which of these hormones increases metabolism and promotes normal growth and development?
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What effect does glucagon have in the body?
What effect does glucagon have in the body?
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Study Notes
Combining Forms
- aden/o: gland
- lymph/o: lymph
- lymph/aden/o: lymph nodes
- myel/o: bone marrow
- splen/o: spleen
- thym/o: thymus
Lymphatic System Function and Structure
- The lymphatic system protects the body from outside invaders.
- It is essential for effective immune responses against antigens.
- Lymph is a fluid that filters out capillaries, containing lymphocytes, hormones, and cellular products.
- Lymph vessels collect fluid from tissues and return it to the bloodstream.
- Lymph nodes are small, round, or oval structures along lymph vessels, often in clusters.
- In infections, they become swollen (adenitis)
- Lymph nodes filter out harmful substances and pathogens.
Antigens and Antibodies
- Antigens are foreign substances triggering immune responses.
- Antibodies are defense agents that neutralize antigens.
Erythrocytes (RBCs) and Leukocytes (WBCs)
- RBCs develop from erythroid stem cells in the bone marrow.
- WBCs (granulocytes) develop from myeloid stem cells, and lymphocytes, from lymphocyte stem cells.
- Lymphocytes mature in bone marrow (B cells) and thymus (T cells).
T Cells and B Cells
- B cells (20% lymphocytes) produce antibodies acting in humoral immunity
- Helper T cells (CD4+) help other lymphocytes and phagocytes.
- Killer T cells (CD8+) kill infected or malignant cells.
- Memory T cells "remember" specific antigens for a faster response.
Active and Passive Immunity
- Active immunity involves vaccinations, providing long-term immunity through memory cells.
- Passive immunity involves transferring antibodies from one source to another, providing short-term immunity.
AIDS/HIV
- HIV impacts the workforce, families, and orphans, particularly prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa.
- The main type is HIV-1, while HIV-2 is more common in other regions.
- HIV causes a decrease in CD4+ T cells.
Treatment for HIV and AIDS
- Treatment with a combination of medications (Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, and Protease inhibitors )
Types of Pneumonia (Pneumocystis carinii)
- A type of pneumonia associated with AIDS.
Kaposi's Sarcoma
- A type of cancer that appears as purplish blotches on the skin.
Blood Tests for HIV Detection
- Antibody tests (ELISA, EIA, rapid HIV tests) are frequently used to detect HIV antibodies
- Antigen tests detect HIV antigens
- Western blot tests are used to confirm the results of antibody tests to avoid false positives
GI X-Ray
- Barium swallow- a test to diagnose esophageal conditions (dysphagia, hiatus hernia, diverticulosis, varices, etc.)
- Upper GI series- a test performed to evaluate the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine
Colonscopy
- An examination to view the entire large intestine using a flexible fiber-optic scope.
- Used in patients with issues (diarrhea, constipation, bleeding).
Colstomy
- An artificial opening of the colon.
- Indicated when an obstructive growth, like a tumor, blocks the passage of feces.
Symptoms of Chronic Renal Failure
- Signs and symptoms include: oliguria, azotemia, severe electrolyte imbalance, acidosis, uremia.
Chronic Renal Failure
- Progressive loss of kidney function
- Signs and symptoms emerge when 75% of glomerular function has been lost.
Endocrine System
- Hormones are produced in glands and affect specific body tissues.
- The endocrine system supports many important functions, including reproduction, growth regulation, etc.
Puberty Effects
- Growth of primary and secondary sexual characteristics.
- Development of mammary glands and stimulation of sperm production.
Diabetic Coma (Hyperglycemia)
- High blood glucose levels are associated with symptoms including: stupor, coma, flushed face, fruity breath, labored breathing.
Insulin Shock (Hypoglycemia)
- Low blood glucose levels cause symptoms including: Excited, nervous, dizzy, confused, irritable.
Urinary System
- The three main functions are: excretion, secretion, and elimination of waste products.
- The urinary bladder is a storage reservoir that holds urine until it's excreted.
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Description
Test your knowledge on key hormones of the endocrine system and their functions. This quiz covers growth hormone, luteinizing hormone, melanocyte-stimulating hormone, and more. Perfect for students studying human biology or endocrine physiology.
