Endocrine System Chapter 11 Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What are hormones?

Hormones are chemicals that have specific regulatory effects in certain cells or organs in the body.

What are some effects of hormones?

Some of their effects are to regulate growth, metabolism, reproduction, and behavior.

What is the most common mechanism used to regulate hormone secretion?

Negative feedback loop.

What part of the brain controls the pituitary?

The hypothalamus. Signup and view all the answers

What are the hormones from the anterior pituitary?

Growth hormone (GH), Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), Prolactin (PRI), Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormones (LH). Signup and view all the answers

What hormones are released from the posterior pituitary?

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) and Oxytocin. Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of thyroid hormones on cells?

Increase the metabolic rate in cells. Signup and view all the answers

What mineral is needed to produce thyroid hormones?

Iodine. Signup and view all the answers

What mineral is regulated by parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitriol?

Calcium. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main hormone produced by the adrenal medulla?

Epinephrine (Adrenaline). Signup and view all the answers

What three categories of hormones are released by the adrenal gland?

Glucocorticoids, Mineralocorticoids, Sex Hormones. Signup and view all the answers

What effect does cortisol have on blood glucose levels?

Raises blood glucose levels. Signup and view all the answers

What two hormones produced by the islets of the pancreas regulate blood glucose levels?

Insulin and glucagon. Signup and view all the answers

What are the secondary sex characteristics?

Features associated with gender other than reproductive activities. Signup and view all the answers

What are some organs other than the endocrine glands that produce hormones or hormone-like substances?

The stomach, small intestine, kidney, brain, heart, thymus, and placenta. Signup and view all the answers

What are some hormones released in times of stress?

Epinephrine, ACTH, Cortisol, growth hormone, thyroid hormones, sex hormones, and insulin. Signup and view all the answers

What gland controls the thyroid gland?

The anterior pituitary. Signup and view all the answers

What two structures does the infundibulum connect?

The hypothalamus and the pituitary. Signup and view all the answers

What structure is superior to the thyroid?

The larynx. Signup and view all the answers

What structure is inferior to the thyroid?

The trachea. Signup and view all the answers

What is the outer region of the adrenal gland called?

Cortex. Signup and view all the answers

What is the inner region of the adrenal gland called?

Medulla. Signup and view all the answers

What organs do insulin and glucagon mainly influence?

The liver and skeletal muscles. Signup and view all the answers

What does endocrine refer to?

Referring to a gland that secretes into the bloodstream. Signup and view all the answers

What is a hormone?

Chemical messenger secreted by a tissue that has specific regulatory effects on certain other cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is the hypothalamus?

Region of the brain that controls the pituitary and controls numerous reflexes that maintain homeostasis. Signup and view all the answers

What is the pituitary (hypophysis)?

Endocrine gland located under and controlled by the hypothalamus; releases hormones that control other glands. Signup and view all the answers

What is a prostaglandin?

Any of a group of hormones produced by many cells; these hormones have a variety of effects. Signup and view all the answers

What is a receptor?

Specialized cell or ending of a sensory neuron that can be excited by a stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

What is a steroid?

Category of lipids that includes the hormones of sex glands and the adrenal cortex. Signup and view all the answers

What is target tissue?

Tissue that is capable of responding to a specific hormone. Signup and view all the answers

Chemical messengers carried by the blood are called __________.

Hormones Signup and view all the answers

The part of the brain that regulates pituitary gland activity is the ______________.

Hypothalamus Signup and view all the answers

Red blood cell production in the bone marrow is stimulated by the hormone ___________.

Erythropoietin Signup and view all the answers

The main androgen produced by the testes is __________.

Testosterone Signup and view all the answers

A hormone produced by the heart is _________.

Atrial natriuretic Peptide Signup and view all the answers

What is an anterior pituitary lobe hormone?

Growth Hormone. Signup and view all the answers

What is an adrenal cortex hormone?

Aldosterone. Signup and view all the answers

What is a pancreatic hormone?

Glucagon. Signup and view all the answers

What is a posterior pituitary lobe hormone?

Oxytocin. Signup and view all the answers

What is an ovarian hormone?

Estrogen. Signup and view all the answers

What do hormones bind to?

Receptors. Signup and view all the answers

What hormone promotes uterine contractions and milk ejection?

Oxytocin. Signup and view all the answers

What is the principal hormonal regulator of metabolism?

Thyroxine. Signup and view all the answers

What structure secretes epinephrine?

Adrenal Medulla. Signup and view all the answers

What organ regulates the sleep-wake cycle?

Pineal Gland. Signup and view all the answers

What are the main differences between the nervous system and the endocrine system regarding regulation?

The endocrine system uses hormones to control body systems, while the nervous system controls rapid actions through electrical and chemical stimuli. Signup and view all the answers

How do the hypothalamus and pituitary gland regulate certain endocrine glands using the thyroid as an example?

The anterior pituitary releases hormones that affect the working of other glands, controlled by secretions and nerve impulses from the hypothalamus. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two divisions of the pituitary gland?

Anterior Pituitary and Posterior Pituitary. Signup and view all the answers

List the hormones released by the anterior pituitary and describe their effects.

Growth Hormone, Thyroid-stimulating hormone, Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Prolactin, Follicle-Stimulating Hormone, Luteinizing Hormone. Signup and view all the answers

List the hormones released by the posterior pituitary and describe their effects.

Antidiuretic Hormone and Oxytocin. Signup and view all the answers

Compare and contrast thyroxine and triiodothyronine.

Thyroxine (T4) has four iodine atoms and increases metabolism, while Triiodothyronine (T3) has three iodine atoms and also increases metabolism. Signup and view all the answers

Compare and contrast cortisol and aldosterone.

Cortisol increases blood glucose concentration in response to stress, while aldosterone promotes salt and water retention and regulates potassium. Signup and view all the answers

Compare and contrast insulin and glucagon.

Insulin reduces blood glucose concentrations by promoting glucose uptake, whereas glucagon raises blood glucose levels by promoting its release from storage. Signup and view all the answers

Compare and contrast testosterone and estrogen.

Testosterone, produced by the testes, stimulates the growth of male sexual organs, while estrogen, produced by the ovaries, stimulates female sexual organ development. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the anatomy of the thyroid.

The thyroid is located in the neck, has two lateral lobes connected by an isthmus, and is enclosed in a connective tissue capsule. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the anatomy of the pancreas.

The pancreas is located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen, has acini cells for digestive enzyme secretion, and islet cells that produce hormones. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the anatomy of the adrenals.

The adrenal glands are two small glands atop the kidneys, with the inner medulla producing catecholamines and the outer cortex producing steroid hormones. Signup and view all the answers

Name the hormones released by the pineal body and their effects.

Melatonin, which regulates mood, sexual development, and daily cycles in response to light. Signup and view all the answers

Name the hormones released by the kidneys and describe their effects.

Epinephrine increases blood pressure, cortisol raises blood glucose, and aldosterone promotes salt retention. Signup and view all the answers

List several hormones released during stress.

Norepinephrine, Epinephrine, ACTH, Growth Hormone, thyroid hormones, sex hormones, insulin. Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between prolonged stress and disease?

Prolonged stress can lead to diseases such as high blood pressure, heart disease, ulcers, insomnia, and headaches. Signup and view all the answers

Why does decreased blood levels of thyroid hormones lead to increased thyroid-stimulating hormone?

When the pituitary senses low thyroid levels, it produces thyrotropin to stimulate the thyroid to produce more hormones. Signup and view all the answers

How does a lack of insulin cause the three cardinal signs of diabetes?

Without insulin, glucose cannot enter cells, leading to hyperglycemia, glucose and ketones in urine, and weight loss from using stored glucose. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Hormones and Their Functions

Hormones are chemical messengers with specific regulatory effects on target cells or organs in the body.
Key effects of hormones include regulation of growth, metabolism, reproduction, and behavior.

Hormone Secretion Regulation

Negative feedback loops are the most common mechanism for regulating hormone secretion.
The hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland, which is central to endocrine regulation.

Pituitary Gland Hormones

Anterior pituitary hormones include:
- Growth hormone (GH): Promotes tissue growth.
- Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): Stimulates thyroid hormone production.
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): Stimulates the adrenal cortex's glucocorticoid production.
- Prolactin (PRI): Stimulates milk production.
- Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) & Luteinizing hormone (LH): Regulate reproductive processes.
Posterior pituitary hormones include:
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH): Promotes water reabsorption in kidneys.
- Oxytocin: Causes uterine contractions and milk ejection.

Thyroid and Its Hormones

Thyroid hormones increase the metabolic rate in cells and require iodine for production.
The anterior pituitary gland regulates thyroid hormone secretion.

Adrenal Gland

The adrenal medulla produces epinephrine (adrenaline), a crucial hormone for stress response.
Adrenal cortex hormones are categorized as glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisol), mineralocorticoids (e.g., aldosterone), and sex hormones.

Blood Glucose Regulation

Insulin lowers blood glucose by promoting uptake into cells, while glucagon raises blood glucose levels.
Cortisol increases blood glucose concentration in response to stress.

Other Hormonal Sources

Non-endocrine organs like the stomach, kidneys, brain, heart, thymus, and placenta also produce hormones.
Prostaglandins are hormone-like substances with varied effects.

Homeostasis and Stress Response

Hormones like ACTH, cortisol, and epinephrine are released during stress, regulating energy and metabolic responses.
Prolonged stress can lead to health issues, such as high blood pressure, heart disease, and decreased immune response.

Distinctions and Comparisons

The endocrine system uses hormones for slower, long-term regulation, while the nervous system employs rapid electrical signals.
Comparison of hormones reveals differences in function and effects:
- Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) are thyroid hormones that boost metabolism.
- Cortisol and aldosterone are adrenal hormones with roles in stress response and electrolyte balance, respectively.

Organ Anatomy and Hormonal Functions

The thyroid is located in the neck and is the largest endocrine gland, consisting of two lobes connected by an isthmus.
The pancreas has both endocrine (islet cells for hormone production) and exocrine (acini cells for digestive enzymes) functions.
The adrenal glands sit atop the kidneys with a cortex (outer) and medulla (inner) producing different hormones.
The pineal gland releases melatonin, which regulates mood and daily rhythms based on light exposure.

Receptor Interaction

Hormones exert their effects by binding to specific receptors on target tissues, initiating various biological responses.

Diabetes Symptoms and Insulin's Role

A lack of insulin results in hyperglycemia, weight loss, and glucose and ketones in urine due to impaired glucose uptake and storage in cells.

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Description

Explore the key concepts of the endocrine system through these flashcards. Learn about hormones, their functions, and the mechanisms of hormone regulation, providing a solid foundation for understanding this vital biological system.