Questions and Answers
What are hormones?
Hormones are chemicals that have specific regulatory effects in certain cells or organs in the body.
What are some effects of hormones?
Some of their effects are to regulate growth, metabolism, reproduction, and behavior.
What is the most common mechanism used to regulate hormone secretion?
Negative feedback loop.
What part of the brain controls the pituitary?
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What are the hormones from the anterior pituitary?
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What hormones are released from the posterior pituitary?
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What is the effect of thyroid hormones on cells?
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What mineral is needed to produce thyroid hormones?
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What mineral is regulated by parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitriol?
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What is the main hormone produced by the adrenal medulla?
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What three categories of hormones are released by the adrenal gland?
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What effect does cortisol have on blood glucose levels?
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What two hormones produced by the islets of the pancreas regulate blood glucose levels?
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What are the secondary sex characteristics?
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What are some organs other than the endocrine glands that produce hormones or hormone-like substances?
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What are some hormones released in times of stress?
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What gland controls the thyroid gland?
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What two structures does the infundibulum connect?
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What structure is superior to the thyroid?
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What structure is inferior to the thyroid?
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What is the outer region of the adrenal gland called?
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What is the inner region of the adrenal gland called?
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What organs do insulin and glucagon mainly influence?
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What does endocrine refer to?
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What is a hormone?
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What is the hypothalamus?
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What is the pituitary (hypophysis)?
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What is a prostaglandin?
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What is a receptor?
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What is a steroid?
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What is target tissue?
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Chemical messengers carried by the blood are called __________.
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The part of the brain that regulates pituitary gland activity is the ______________.
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Red blood cell production in the bone marrow is stimulated by the hormone ___________.
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The main androgen produced by the testes is __________.
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A hormone produced by the heart is _________.
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What is an anterior pituitary lobe hormone?
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What is an adrenal cortex hormone?
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What is a pancreatic hormone?
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What is a posterior pituitary lobe hormone?
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What is an ovarian hormone?
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What do hormones bind to?
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What hormone promotes uterine contractions and milk ejection?
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What is the principal hormonal regulator of metabolism?
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What structure secretes epinephrine?
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What organ regulates the sleep-wake cycle?
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What are the main differences between the nervous system and the endocrine system regarding regulation?
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How do the hypothalamus and pituitary gland regulate certain endocrine glands using the thyroid as an example?
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What are the two divisions of the pituitary gland?
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List the hormones released by the anterior pituitary and describe their effects.
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List the hormones released by the posterior pituitary and describe their effects.
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Compare and contrast thyroxine and triiodothyronine.
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Compare and contrast cortisol and aldosterone.
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Compare and contrast insulin and glucagon.
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Compare and contrast testosterone and estrogen.
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Describe the anatomy of the thyroid.
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Describe the anatomy of the pancreas.
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Describe the anatomy of the adrenals.
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Name the hormones released by the pineal body and their effects.
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Name the hormones released by the kidneys and describe their effects.
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List several hormones released during stress.
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What is the relationship between prolonged stress and disease?
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Why does decreased blood levels of thyroid hormones lead to increased thyroid-stimulating hormone?
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How does a lack of insulin cause the three cardinal signs of diabetes?
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Study Notes
Hormones and Their Functions
- Hormones are chemical messengers with specific regulatory effects on target cells or organs in the body.
- Key effects of hormones include regulation of growth, metabolism, reproduction, and behavior.
Hormone Secretion Regulation
- Negative feedback loops are the most common mechanism for regulating hormone secretion.
- The hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland, which is central to endocrine regulation.
Pituitary Gland Hormones
- Anterior pituitary hormones include:
- Growth hormone (GH): Promotes tissue growth.
- Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): Stimulates thyroid hormone production.
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): Stimulates the adrenal cortex's glucocorticoid production.
- Prolactin (PRI): Stimulates milk production.
- Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) & Luteinizing hormone (LH): Regulate reproductive processes.
- Posterior pituitary hormones include:
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH): Promotes water reabsorption in kidneys.
- Oxytocin: Causes uterine contractions and milk ejection.
Thyroid and Its Hormones
- Thyroid hormones increase the metabolic rate in cells and require iodine for production.
- The anterior pituitary gland regulates thyroid hormone secretion.
Adrenal Gland
- The adrenal medulla produces epinephrine (adrenaline), a crucial hormone for stress response.
- Adrenal cortex hormones are categorized as glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisol), mineralocorticoids (e.g., aldosterone), and sex hormones.
Blood Glucose Regulation
- Insulin lowers blood glucose by promoting uptake into cells, while glucagon raises blood glucose levels.
- Cortisol increases blood glucose concentration in response to stress.
Other Hormonal Sources
- Non-endocrine organs like the stomach, kidneys, brain, heart, thymus, and placenta also produce hormones.
- Prostaglandins are hormone-like substances with varied effects.
Homeostasis and Stress Response
- Hormones like ACTH, cortisol, and epinephrine are released during stress, regulating energy and metabolic responses.
- Prolonged stress can lead to health issues, such as high blood pressure, heart disease, and decreased immune response.
Distinctions and Comparisons
- The endocrine system uses hormones for slower, long-term regulation, while the nervous system employs rapid electrical signals.
- Comparison of hormones reveals differences in function and effects:
- Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) are thyroid hormones that boost metabolism.
- Cortisol and aldosterone are adrenal hormones with roles in stress response and electrolyte balance, respectively.
Organ Anatomy and Hormonal Functions
- The thyroid is located in the neck and is the largest endocrine gland, consisting of two lobes connected by an isthmus.
- The pancreas has both endocrine (islet cells for hormone production) and exocrine (acini cells for digestive enzymes) functions.
- The adrenal glands sit atop the kidneys with a cortex (outer) and medulla (inner) producing different hormones.
- The pineal gland releases melatonin, which regulates mood and daily rhythms based on light exposure.
Receptor Interaction
- Hormones exert their effects by binding to specific receptors on target tissues, initiating various biological responses.
Diabetes Symptoms and Insulin's Role
- A lack of insulin results in hyperglycemia, weight loss, and glucose and ketones in urine due to impaired glucose uptake and storage in cells.
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Explore the key concepts of the endocrine system through these flashcards. Learn about hormones, their functions, and the mechanisms of hormone regulation, providing a solid foundation for understanding this vital biological system.