Endocrine System Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the hypothalamus in relation to the endocrine system?

  • Controls blood pressure and heart rate
  • Synthesizes melatonin and calcitonin
  • Produces insulin and glucagon
  • Regulates the pituitary gland and produces regulatory hormones (correct)

Which hormone is primarily responsible for the regulation of calcium levels in the blood?

  • Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) (correct)
  • Erythropoietin (EPO)
  • Cortisol
  • Calcitonin

What is the main role of albumin in the blood plasma?

  • Transportation of hormones
  • Immune defense against pathogens
  • Maintenance of osmotic pressure (correct)
  • Clot formation

Which of the following pairs of hormones demonstrate permissiveness in their action?

<p>Cortisol and Aldosterone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What disorder is characterized by an excess of growth hormone in adults?

<p>Acromegaly (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of blood is primarily responsible for oxygen transport?

<p>Red Blood Cells (RBCs) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system?

<p>It allows for the direct transport of hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones is produced by the pancreas?

<p>Glucagon (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of white blood cell is primarily responsible for fighting parasites?

<p>Eosinophils (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormone stimulates the release of thyroid hormones from the thyroid gland?

<p>Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which blood type is considered the universal donor?

<p>O negative (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition results from the hypersecretion of Growth Hormone in children?

<p>Gigantism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do platelets primarily play in the body?

<p>Involved in blood clotting (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines whether a hormone's effects are amplified in combination with other hormones?

<p>Synergism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is known for its role in triggering milk ejection during breastfeeding?

<p>Oxytocin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes hemolytic disease of the newborn?

<p>Rh incompatibility between mother and child (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hormone typically activates genes inside the cell?

<p>Lipid-soluble hormones (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is considered the central regulatory organ linking the nervous and endocrine systems?

<p>Hypothalamus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Endocrine System

The system of glands that secrete hormones to regulate various body functions, including growth, metabolism, and reproduction.

Hypothalamus

The central regulatory organ of the endocrine system, linked to the nervous system, responsible for controlling and releasing hormones from the pituitary gland.

Hypothalamus

A region in the brain that links the nervous and endocrine systems, controlling the pituitary gland and producing hormones like ADH and oxytocin.

Pituitary Gland

The master gland of the endocrine system, divided into anterior and posterior lobes, each secreting specific hormones.

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Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Portal System

A vascular system that carries hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary, allowing for communication and regulation.

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Gigantism

A condition in children caused by the overproduction of growth hormone (GH), leading to excessive growth.

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Pituitary Gland

A small gland located in the brain, responsible for producing hormones that regulate growth, metabolism, and other vital functions.

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Water-soluble hormones

The type of hormone that binds to receptors located on the cell membrane, initiating a signal cascade.

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Plasma

The fluid component of blood, carrying dissolved substances, electrolytes, and plasma proteins.

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Lipid-soluble hormones

The type of hormone that enters the cell and binds to intracellular receptors, directly influencing gene expression.

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Hemopoiesis

The process of forming blood cells, primarily occurring within the bone marrow.

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Synergism

A process where the combined effect of multiple hormones is greater than the sum of their individual effects.

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Pituitary dwarfism

A condition resulting from GH deficiency in children, characterized by stunted growth and underdeveloped stature.

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Hematocrit

The percentage of red blood cells in total blood volume.

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Hemoglobin

A protein in red blood cells that binds to oxygen, facilitating its transport throughout the body.

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Permissiveness

A situation where one hormone requires the presence of another hormone to exert its full effect.

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Autocrines

Hormones that act on the same cells that secrete them, creating a local feedback loop.

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Anemia

A condition characterized by a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin, resulting in reduced oxygen carrying capacity.

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Erythropoietin (EPO)

Hormone produced by kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production.

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Paracrines

Hormones that affect different cell types within the same tissue, creating a local regulatory effect.

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Study Notes

Endocrine System

  • Hypothalamus: Regulates the pituitary gland and produces hormones like ADH and oxytocin, linking the nervous and endocrine systems.
  • Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Portal System: Transports hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary.
  • Pituitary Gland:
    • Anterior Pituitary: Releases growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH).
    • Posterior Pituitary: Releases antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin.
  • Pineal Gland: Produces melatonin.
  • Thyroid Gland: Produces thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and calcitonin.
  • Parathyroid Gland: Produces parathyroid hormone (PTH).
  • Adrenal Glands:
    • Cortex: Produces cortisol, aldosterone, and androgens.
    • Medulla: Produces epinephrine and norepinephrine.
  • Pancreas: Produces insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin.
  • Kidneys: Produce erythropoietin (EPO).
  • Hormone Interactions:
    • Permissiveness: One hormone enhances another's effect.
    • Synergism: Hormones amplify each other's effects.
    • Antagonism: Hormones oppose each other's effects.
  • Endocrine System Imbalances:
    • Acromegaly: Excess GH in adults.
    • Gigantism: Excess GH in children.
    • Hyperthyroidism: Overproduction of thyroid hormones.
    • Diabetes Mellitus: Insulin deficiency or resistance.

Blood System

  • Blood Functions: Transports oxygen, nutrients, and hormones; regulates temperature and pH; and provides protection through clotting and immunity.
  • Hemopoiesis: Blood cell formation in red bone marrow.
  • Plasma Proteins:
    • Albumin: Maintains osmotic pressure.
    • Globulins: Include antibodies.
    • Fibrinogen: Involved in clot formation.
  • Hematocrit: Percentage of RBCs in blood volume.
  • Hormones for Blood Formation: Erythropoietin (RBCs), colony-stimulating factors (WBCs), and thrombopoietin (platelets).
  • Red Blood Cells (RBCs): Biconcave, no nucleus, carry hemoglobin for oxygen transport. Anemia results from low RBCs or hemoglobin.
  • White Blood Cells (WBCs):
    • Neutrophils: Phagocytize bacteria.
    • Lymphocytes: Part of the immune response (B cells, T cells).
    • Eosinophils: Combat parasites and allergic reactions.
    • Basophils: Release histamine during inflammation.
    • Monocytes: Become macrophages, phagocytize foreign material.
  • Blood Typing:
    • Universal Donor: O negative.
    • Universal Recipient: AB positive.
    • Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn: Caused by Rh incompatibility.
  • Platelets and Hemostasis: Crucial for clotting (vascular spasm, platelet plug, coagulation).

Matching Definitions

  • Gigantism: Excess GH in children.
  • Water-soluble hormones: Act on plasma membrane receptors.
  • TSH: Stimulates thyroid hormone release.
  • T3, T4: Increase the metabolic rate and control growth.
  • Synergism: Amplifies the combined effects of hormones.
  • Prolactin: Maintains milk production.
  • Pituitary Dwarfism: GH deficiency in children.
  • Permissiveness: One hormone requires another for full effects.
  • Paracrines: Affect different cell types within the same tissue.
  • Oxytocin: Triggers milk ejection and uterine contractions.
  • Lipid-soluble hormones: Activate genes inside cells.
  • LH: Triggers ovulation and testosterone production.
  • Hypothalamus: Neuroendocrine organ.
  • Growth hormone: Stimulates growth and fat mobilization.
  • FSH: Stimulates ovarian follicle maturation and sperm production.
  • Autocrines: Affect the cells that secrete them.
  • Antagonism: One hormone opposes another.
  • ADH: Regulates water balance.
  • ACTH: Promotes glucocorticoid release.
  • Acromegaly: Excessive GH after bone growth plates are closed.

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