Endocrine System Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which type of hormones can diffuse through the phospholipid bilayer of plasma membranes?

  • Amino acid-based hormones
  • Water soluble hormones
  • Peptide hormones
  • Lipid soluble hormones (correct)

Where are steroid hormones synthesized?

  • Pancreas
  • Pituitary gland
  • Thyroid gland
  • Adrenal cortex (correct)

Which hormone is water soluble despite being an amino acid-based hormone?

  • Testosterone
  • Thyroid hormone
  • Epinephrine (correct)
  • Insulin (correct)

What is the role of the first messenger in hormone signaling?

<p>Binds to membrane receptors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do lipid soluble hormones generally exert their effects within target cells?

<p>By binding to intracellular receptors and affecting gene expression (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hormones are typically bound to plasma proteins during transportation in the bloodstream?

<p>Steroid hormones (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pathway is initiated by water soluble hormones involving adenylate cyclase?

<p>cAMP pathway (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of thyroid hormone among amino acid-based hormones?

<p>It functions similarly to steroid hormones (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action for many hormones, as indicated in the content?

<p>Activating intracellular messengers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure primarily monitors calcium levels in the blood for hormone regulation?

<p>Parathyroid glands (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormones are stored in the posterior pituitary gland?

<p>Neurohormones produced by the hypothalamus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does ADH primarily do regarding kidney function?

<p>Inhibits urine formation by promoting reabsorption (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gland is often referred to as the 'master endocrine gland'?

<p>Pituitary gland (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the endocrine system?

<p>Regulates metabolic processes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus connected?

<p>By the infundibulum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do exocrine glands do?

<p>Secrete substances into ducts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of peptide hormones like oxytocin?

<p>They are composed of short chains of amino acids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do target cells play in the endocrine system?

<p>They have specific receptors for hormones. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does alcohol have in relation to hormone function?

<p>It acts as a diuretic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a major organ of the endocrine system?

<p>Pituitary gland (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the study of endocrine organs and hormones called?

<p>Endocrinology (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the endocrine system?

<p>Regulation of immune response (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of hormones is considered the largest?

<p>Amino acid-based hormones (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do hormones communicate their effects in the body?

<p>As long-distance signaling molecules (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by excessive thirst and increased urination?

<p>Diabetes insipidus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormonal action does the anterior pituitary NOT regulate?

<p>Pancreatic insulin production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the hypophyseal portal system?

<p>To transport hormones from the ventral hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone stimulates the development of the thyroid gland?

<p>Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormone is released from the hypothalamus to regulate ACTH secretion?

<p>Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Luteinizing Hormone (LH)?

<p>Stimulates production of testosterone in males (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Growth Hormone (GH) affect metabolism?

<p>Promotes the use of fats as fuel (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones is NOT produced by the anterior pituitary?

<p>Adrenaline (epinephrine) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What inhibits the release of Prolactin (PRL)?

<p>Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone (PIH) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In response to rising levels of glucocorticoids, what feedback mechanism occurs?

<p>Negative feedback to inhibit ACTH secretion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) play in hormone regulation?

<p>Stimulates gonadotropin release (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary messenger system activated by most anterior pituitary hormones?

<p>cAMP second messenger systems (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition results from childhood hypersecretion of Growth Hormone?

<p>Gigantism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of elevated gonadal hormone levels on FSH and LH release?

<p>Inhibits FSH and LH release (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes acromegaly?

<p>Overproduction of Growth Hormone in adulthood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating milk production in the breasts?

<p>Prolactin (PRL) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Hormones

Chemical messengers that travel through the bloodstream, binding to specific receptors on target cells to elicit a response.

Exocrine Glands

Glands that release their secretions into ducts, which carry the secretions to specific locations.

Endocrine Glands

Glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the bloodstream, without the use of ducts.

Endocrinology

The study of the endocrine organs and the hormones they produce.

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Hormone Specificity

The ability of a hormone to interact only with specific target cells that have the appropriate receptors.

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Target Cells

Cells that have receptors for specific hormones and respond to their presence.

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Hormonal Deficiency

A condition that arises when the body experiences a deficiency in hormones.

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Hormonal Excess

A condition that occurs when the body produces too much of a particular hormone.

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Half-Life in Blood

The time it takes for the concentration of a substance in the blood to decrease by half.

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Metabolism

The process of breaking down a substance into smaller molecules.

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Hormone Receptor Location

The location on a cell where a hormone binds to exert its effects.

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Second Messenger

A molecule that relays signals inside the cell after a hormone binds to its receptor.

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Mechanism of Hormone Action

The mechanism by which a hormone exerts its effects.

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Control of Hormone Release

The release of hormones is controlled by various factors, including the concentration of key ions or nutrients in the blood, neural stimuli, and hormones released by other glands.

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Anterior Pituitary Gland

The anterior pituitary gland secretes hormones that regulate the activity of other endocrine glands, making it known as the 'master endocrine gland.'

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Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis

A connection between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary, allowing for the transport of hormones.

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Steroids

Steroids are a subcategory of lipids synthesized from cholesterol, primarily produced in the adrenal cortex. They are mostly water soluble and circulate freely in the bloodstream.

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Amino Acid-Based Hormones

Amino acid-based hormones are mostly water soluble, except for thyroid hormone. They bind to receptors on the cell surface, triggering a cascade of events inside the cell.

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GPCR and cAMP Mechanism

The G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) mechanism involves a hormone binding to a receptor on the cell surface, activating a G protein. This leads to the production of a second messenger, cAMP, triggering a signaling pathway.

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Lipid-Soluble Hormone Action

Lipid-soluble hormones, like steroids and thyroid hormone, can easily cross the cell membrane and bind to intracellular receptors. This complex then enters the nucleus and regulates gene expression.

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Steroid Transport

Steroids are transported in the blood primarily bound to plasma proteins.

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Amino Acid-Based Hormone Transport

Amino acid-based hormones are transported freely in the blood.

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Thyroid Hormone Exception

Thyroid hormone, although an amino acid-based hormone, is lipid-soluble. It functions similarly to steroids, entering cells and affecting gene expression.

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Target Cells and Receptors

Target cells have specific receptors for hormones. These receptors determine which cells will respond to a particular hormone.

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Diabetes insipidus

A condition marked by excessive thirst and urination, caused by a deficiency in the production or function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

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Hypophyseal Portal system

The connection between the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus, which enables the hypothalamus to regulate the anterior pituitary's hormone production.

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Hypophyseal Portal System

The network of blood vessels that connects the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary, allowing for the transport of hormones.

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Primary capillary plexus

The first capillary bed in the hypophyseal portal system, found in the infundibulum of the hypothalamus.

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Secondary capillary plexus

The second capillary bed in the hypophyseal portal system, located within the anterior pituitary.

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Releasing and inhibiting hormones

Hormones produced by the hypothalamus that either stimulate or inhibit the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary.

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Tropic Hormones

Hormones released from the anterior pituitary that target other endocrine glands, stimulating their growth and function.

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Negative Feedback Mechanism

The process by which hormones feedback on the hypothalamus and pituitary, regulating their own production and preventing over-secretion.

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Gonadotropins

Hormones produced by the pituitary gland that regulate the function of the testes and ovaries.

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Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

A gonadotropin that stimulates the production of sperm in males and eggs in females.

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Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

A gonadotropin that promotes the production of sex hormones (testosterone in males and estrogen/progesterone in females).

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Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

A hormone produced by the hypothalamus that stimulates the release of gonadotropins (FSH and LH) from the pituitary gland.

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Growth Hormone (GH)

A hormone produced by the pituitary gland that promotes growth and metabolism.

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Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH)

A hormone produced by the hypothalamus that stimulates the release of growth hormone.

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Growth Hormone-Inhibiting Hormone (GHIH)

A hormone produced by the hypothalamus that inhibits the release of growth hormone.

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Prolactin (PRL)

A hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates milk production in the breasts.

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Study Notes

Endocrine System

  • Controls metabolism, growth, development, and long-term body tissue activity
  • Exocrine glands release secretions into ducts (e.g., sweat, salivary, mammary)
  • Endocrine glands are ductless, secreting hormones into the extracellular fluid (ECF), which then enter the bloodstream
  • Target cells/organs have specific receptors enabling responses to hormones
  • Endocrinology studies endocrine organs and hormones

Endocrine Functions

  • Regulates cellular metabolism and energy balance
  • Controls long-term processes like growth and development, reproduction
  • Maintains electrolyte, water, and nutrient balance

Endocrine Major Organs

  • Pituitary gland
  • Thyroid gland
  • Parathyroid gland
  • Adrenal gland
  • Pineal gland
  • Hypothalamus
  • Pancreas
  • Testes
  • Ovaries

Chemical Messengers (Hormones)

  • Long-distance chemical messengers traveling in blood
  • Local signaling molecules (autocrines, paracrines) are NOT part of endocrine system
  • Autocrines affect the secreting cell itself
  • Paracrines affect nearby cells
  • Hormone types:
    • Amino acid-based (amines, peptides, proteins) – mostly water-soluble and circulate freely
    • Steroids (derived from cholesterol) – lipid-soluble and often bound to plasma proteins
    • Hormones bind to specific receptors on target cells triggering responses

Hormone Action

  • Water-soluble hormones bind to membrane receptors, activating intracellular second messengers (e.g., cAMP)
  • Lipid-soluble hormones diffuse into cells and bind to intracellular receptors (e.g., inside the nucleus), activating specific genes

Hormone Control of Release

  • Humoral stimuli: response to blood levels of ions/nutrients
  • Neural stimuli: response to nervous system stimulation (e.g., action potentials)
  • Hormonal stimuli: response to other hormones

Specific Endocrine Glands

  • Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis):
    • Location: sella turcica of the sphenoid bone
    • "Master" Endocrine gland—influencing other endocrine organs Types of pituitary hormones:
      • Posterior Pituitary: releases oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) from hypothalamic neurons
      • Anterior Pituitary: regulated by hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones through the hypophyseal portal system Produces: TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, PRL, GH. Note that each of these have specific targets and actions.

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Endocrine System - Unit 1 Chapter 16 PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on the endocrine system, its functions, and major organs. Learn how hormones act as chemical messengers and their crucial role in metabolism, growth, and development. This quiz covers essential aspects of endocrinology and hormone regulation.

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