Endocrine System: Hyposecretion and Hypersecretion of Growth Hormone
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Questions and Answers

Which hormone stimulates the pituitary gland to release ACTH?

  • CRH (correct)
  • Cortisol
  • Oxytocin
  • Vasopressin

    • What is the main function of TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone)?

  • Stimulates cortisol release
  • Stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles
  • Stimulates ACTH production
  • Regulates thyroid hormone release (correct)

    • In males, what is the function of FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone)?

  • Regulates T3 hormone levels
  • Stimulates cortisol production
  • Stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles
  • Stimulates the production of sperm (correct)

    • What hormone exerts negative feedback on the HPA axis?

    <p>Cortisol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many iodine atoms does T4 (thyroxine) have?

    <p>Four iodine atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Vasopressin (ADH) in the body?

    <p>Regulates water balance and blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the adrenal glands to release cortisol?

    <p>Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the release of Oxytocin in the body?

    <p>Stretching of the cervix and uterus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone plays a crucial role in childhood growth and maintaining tissues throughout life?

    <p>Growth Hormone (GH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Low levels of T3 and T4 affect thyroid hormone production?

    <p>Inhibit the release of TRH and TSH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary symptom of hypothyroidism?

    <p>Cold sensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating thyroid activity in response to low thyroid hormone levels?

    <p>Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism?

    <p>Excessive stimulation of the thyroid gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is goiter related to hypothyroidism?

    <p>Increased TSH due to hypothyroidism can cause goiter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic test is commonly used to evaluate thyroid function by measuring TSH levels?

    <p>Blood tests measuring TSH levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of insufficient growth hormone (GH) during childhood?

    <p>Stunted growth and small stature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is released by the hypothalamus to signal the anterior pituitary gland to release Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)?

    <p>Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of excessive GH secretion during childhood and adolescence?

    <p>Abnormal height and bone growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone stimulates the thyroid gland to produce and release thyroid hormones T3 and T4?

    <p>Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the negative feedback loop regulating thyroid hormone production, what inhibits the release of Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH) and Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)?

    <p>Elevated levels of T3 and T4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which family of peptides does ACTH belong to?

    <p>Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) family</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ACTH in the body?

    <p>Stimulates cortisol production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which signaling molecules play crucial roles in regulating hematopoiesis?

    <p>Cytokines and growth factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of myeloid progenitor cells in hematopoiesis?

    <p>Produce red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the regulation of the HPA axis, what inhibits the release of ACTH?

    <p>Cortisol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site of hematopoiesis for most blood cells?

    <p>Bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells give rise to multipotent progenitor cells in the process of hematopoiesis?

    <p>Hematopoietic stem cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex to release cortisol during times of stress?

    <p>ACTH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key role of cytokines in hematopoiesis?

    <p>Regulating growth and differentiation of blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the HPA axis, which structure directly secretes Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)?

    <p>Pituitary gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the HPA axis regulation is correct?

    <p>Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) inhibits the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ACTH structure in the body?

    <p>Induces the adrenal cortex to release cortisol.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do growth factors contribute to hematopoiesis?

    <p>Promote differentiation of stem cells into mature blood cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a function of cytokines in hematopoiesis?

    <p>Stimulate proliferation and differentiation of blood cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the regulation of the adrenal cortex, what would be a likely consequence if cortisol did not exert negative feedback on the HPA axis?

    <p>Elevated levels of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) in the HPA axis regulation?

    <p>Stimulates cortisol release by the adrenal glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following growth factors is NOT involved in hematopoiesis?

    <p>Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the regulation of the Adrenal Cortex by the HPA axis?

    <p>Indirect control through pituitary hormone release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokine is primarily responsible for stimulating hematopoiesis and immune response?

    <p>Interleukin-3 (IL-3)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and its role?

    <p>ACTH is a peptide hormone that stimulates glucocorticoid synthesis in the adrenal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors influence the activation of a target cell by a hormone?

    <p>Presence of specific hormone receptors on the cell membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of hormones acting on the same target cell, which type of interaction involves one hormone enhancing the response of another?

    <p>Permissive interaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) structured in terms of its components?

    <p>Single polypeptide chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cytokines plays a significant role in hematopoiesis by stimulating production of blood cells from bone marrow?

    <p>Interleukins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the hypothalamus in regulating the HPA axis?

    <p>Inhibiting the release of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hormones are only classified chemically as amino acid-based, excluding steroid hormones.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hormones exert effects solely by altering membrane permeability, not through binding to receptors.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hormone release is regulated solely by positive feedback mechanisms.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Interactions of different hormones on the same target cell never involve synergism or permissiveness.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hypothalamus does not play a role in controlling the pituitary gland through releasing and inhibiting hormones.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hypothalamus secretes hormones that are transported directly to the anterior pituitary gland through a portal system.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The posterior pituitary gland secretes oxytocin and cortisol to regulate body functions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of hormone interactions, antagonism occurs when one hormone enhances the response of another hormone on a target cell.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    High receptor affinity means that a lower hormone concentration is needed to achieve the same biological response.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Increasing the number of receptors on a target cell always leads to an increased cellular response to hormones.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cortisol, the end product of ACTH action, exerts positive feedback on the HPA axis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Elevated cortisol levels signal the hypothalamus and pituitary to increase the release of CRH and ACTH.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ACTH secretion follows a random pattern throughout the day, with no specific peak time.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stress triggers a decrease in ACTH and cortisol release from the adrenal glands.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Understanding hormone receptor affinity is not important when considering the body's adaptation to stress.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hypothalamus secretes vasopressin to signal the posterior pituitary gland to release antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A hormone with low receptor affinity would require a higher concentration in the blood to achieve a response compared to a hormone with high receptor affinity.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, positive feedback loops are more common than negative feedback loops.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Multipotent progenitor cells give rise to unipotent progenitor cells in the process of hematopoiesis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The concentration of a hormone in the blood is solely determined by its rate of secretion and has no relation to its rate of metabolism or elimination.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following sensory organs with their primary function:

    <p>Taste buds = Smell Cochlea = Hearing Semicircular canals = Equilibrium Retina = Vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following processes with their respective sensory pathways:

    <p>Sound transduction involving hair cells in the cochlea = Auditory cortex Detection of head movements and position = Vestibule and semicircular canals Localization of sound sources = Comparing signals from both ears Differentiation of pitch and loudness = Specific hair cell stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following ear components with their respective functions:

    <p>Pinna = Outer ear location Tympanic membrane and ossicles = Middle ear vibration Cochlea, vestibule, and semicircular canals = Inner ear equilibrium maintenance External auditory canal = Sound transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their corresponding descriptions related to vision:

    <p>Astigmatism = Irregular curvature of the cornea or lens causing blurred vision Hyperopia = Farsightedness; difficulty seeing close objects clearly Myopia = Nearsightedness; difficulty seeing distant objects clearly Presbyopia = Age-related condition where the lens loses its flexibility for near vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their corresponding descriptions related to hearing:

    <p>Cochlea = Part of the inner ear responsible for sound transduction Semicircular canals = Organs in the inner ear that help maintain balance and equilibrium Vestibule = Structure in the inner ear aiding in spatial orientation and balance Middle ear = Part of the ear containing the ossicles that transmit sound vibrations from the outer ear to the inner ear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their corresponding descriptions related to smell and taste:

    <p>Smell receptors = Located in the nasal cavity, activated by odor molecules Taste receptors = Found on taste buds on the tongue, activated by food chemicals Gustatory cortex = Brain region responsible for processing taste signals from taste receptors Olfactory bulb = Structure in the brain where smell information is processed and relayed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following sensory system with their respective primary functions:

    <p>Olfactory System = Sense of smell Gustatory System = Sense of taste Vestibular System = Sense of equilibrium Visual System = Sense of vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following eye disorder with their corresponding symptoms:

    <p>Otitis Media = Middle ear infection causing ear pain and hearing loss Deafness = Partial or complete loss of hearing ability Ménière’s Syndrome = Episodes of vertigo, tinnitus, and hearing loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following eye condition with their respective visual impairments:

    <p>Cataracts = Clouding of the lens impacting vision Glaucoma = Increased intraocular pressure leading to optic nerve damage Astigmatism = Uneven corneal curvature affecting vision quality Myopia = Elongated eyeball causing nearsightedness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following eye structure/function with their corresponding roles in vision:

    <p>Rods and Cones = Photoreceptor cells for black/white and color vision Optic Nerve Pathway = Transmission of visual information to the brain for processing Accommodation = Adjustment of lens shape for near and distant vision Light Adaptation vs Dark Adaptation = Eyes adjusting to bright vs low light conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The posterior pituitary stores and releases ______ and vasopressin, impacting childbirth, breastfeeding, and water balance.

    <p>oxytocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ________ hormones are classified chemically as amino acid-based or steroid hormones.

    <p>Hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Thyroxine (T4) is produced in the thyroid follicles and released into the ______.

    <p>bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hormonal controls involve chemical messengers (hormones) carried by the bloodstream, while neural controls use ______ impulses.

    <p>nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ________ hormones are classified chemically as amino acid-based or steroid hormones.

    <p>steroid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of hormones acting on the same target cell, which type of interaction involves one hormone enhancing the response of another?

    <p>synergism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the role of the hypothalamus in regulating the pituitary gland. Include the mechanism of action.

    <p>The hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland by releasing and inhibiting hormones, forming the hypothalamic-pituitary axis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the functions of thyroid hormones T3 and T4. How do they regulate metabolism?

    <p>Thyroid hormones T3 and T4 regulate metabolism by influencing the body's metabolic rate, energy production, and growth and development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Discuss the impact of oxytocin and vasopressin on body functions. How do they affect childbirth, breastfeeding, and water balance?

    <p>Oxytocin and vasopressin stored and released by the posterior pituitary impact childbirth by inducing uterine contractions and breastfeeding by stimulating milk ejection. Vasopressin plays a role in regulating water balance by controlling water reabsorption in the kidneys.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the role of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in calcium regulation. How does it influence blood and bone calcium levels?

    <p>Parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulates calcium levels by stimulating calcium release from bones, increasing calcium reabsorption in the kidneys, and activating vitamin D. This helps maintain blood calcium levels within a narrow range.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the functions of insulin and glucagon in blood sugar regulation. How do these pancreatic hormones balance blood glucose levels?

    <p>Insulin lowers blood sugar levels by promoting glucose uptake by cells, while glucagon raises blood sugar levels by stimulating gluconeogenesis and glycogen breakdown. Together, they maintain glucose homeostasis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type is responsible for producing erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets?

    <p>Myeloid progenitor cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do myeloid progenitor cells primarily mature into different blood cell types?

    <p>Bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of lymphoid progenitor cells?

    <p>Producing erythrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After maturation, where do newly formed erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets primarily circulate?

    <p>Cardiovascular system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process describes the regulation of hematopoiesis and differentiation of blood cells from stem cells?

    <p>Hematopoiesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of myeloid progenitor cells in hematopoiesis?

    <p>Give rise to red blood cells, platelets, and neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a function of lymphoid progenitor cells in hematopoiesis?

    <p>Develop into T cells, B cells, and NK cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs after the differentiated blood cells undergo further maturation in hematopoiesis?

    <p>Functional blood cells are released into the bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do cytokines, growth factors, and signaling molecules contribute to hematopoiesis?

    <p>Regulate hematopoiesis at various stages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of myeloid cells in the circulatory system?

    <p>Function primarily in immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of myeloid progenitor cells in hematopoiesis?

    <p>They differentiate into red blood cells and platelets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cell types is derived from lymphoid progenitor cells in hematopoiesis?

    <p>T lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During hematopoiesis, what is the main function of cytokines released by various cells?

    <p>Stimulate the production of red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the maturation process of leukocytes?

    <p>Leukocytes undergo maturation in bone marrow and thymus gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In hematopoiesis, what is the main purpose of circulating mature red blood cells?

    <p>Transport oxygen to body tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are undifferentiated cells with the potential to become various blood cell types?

    <p>Hematopoietic Stem Cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do Hematopoietic Stem Cells give rise to that can differentiate into myeloid or lymphoid progenitor cells?

    <p>Multi-potent Progenitor Cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In hematopoiesis, what type of cells can differentiate into either myeloid or lymphoid progenitor cells?

    <p>Multi-potent Progenitor Cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of circulating mature red blood cells in the body?

    <p>Oxygen transport to tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves blood cell formation primarily occurring in the bone marrow?

    <p>Hematopoiesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells give rise to lymphocytes, T cells, B cells, and natural killer (NK) cells?

    <p>Lymphoid Progenitor Cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of cytokines in hematopoiesis?

    <p>Regulate cell differentiation and proliferation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do myeloid progenitor cells primarily differentiate into various blood cell types?

    <p>Bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During hematopoiesis, what do myeloid progenitor cells differentiate into?

    <p>Erythrocytes, platelets, and leukocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which signaling molecules are crucial in regulating hematopoiesis at various stages?

    <p>Cytokines, growth factors, and other signaling molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cytokines in hematopoiesis?

    <p>Promoting self-renewal of hematopoietic stem cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of myeloid progenitor cells in hematopoiesis?

    <p>Generating multiple types of white blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During hematopoiesis, what triggers the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into multipotent progenitor cells?

    <p>Release of erythropoietin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor influences hematopoiesis by enhancing the proliferation and differentiation of early blood cells?

    <p>High levels of circulating cortisol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do hematopoietic growth factors play in blood cell production?

    <p>Stimulating the growth and maturation of blood cell precursors</p> Signup and view all the answers

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