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Questions and Answers
Questions and Answers
What does the prefix 'Endo-' mean?
What does the prefix 'Endo-' mean?
- Hormone
- Out
- In (correct)
- Secretion
What does the prefix 'Exo-' mean?
What does the prefix 'Exo-' mean?
- Out (correct)
- Secretion
- In
- Hormone
What does '-Crine' refer to?
What does '-Crine' refer to?
Having to do with secretion
What does the term 'Endocrine' mean?
What does the term 'Endocrine' mean?
What is the endocrine system?
What is the endocrine system?
What are hormones?
What are hormones?
What are tropic hormones?
What are tropic hormones?
What causes swelling in glands related to tropic hormones?
What causes swelling in glands related to tropic hormones?
List the three ways an endocrine gland can be stimulated to release a hormone.
List the three ways an endocrine gland can be stimulated to release a hormone.
Hormone levels are controlled by _________
Hormone levels are controlled by _________
What is a feedback loop?
What is a feedback loop?
A negative feedback loop turns the pathway off.
A negative feedback loop turns the pathway off.
A positive feedback loop accelerates the pathway.
A positive feedback loop accelerates the pathway.
The _________ is the president of the endocrine system.
The _________ is the president of the endocrine system.
What is the role of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system?
What is the role of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system?
The pituitary gland is housed within the ___________ of the sphenoid.
The pituitary gland is housed within the ___________ of the sphenoid.
The anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary are functionally distinct.
The anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary are functionally distinct.
What are the subdivisions of the anterior pituitary?
What are the subdivisions of the anterior pituitary?
What is the function of the pars tuberalis?
What is the function of the pars tuberalis?
What does the pars intermedia represent?
What does the pars intermedia represent?
What does the pars distalis refer to?
What does the pars distalis refer to?
What are the subdivisions of the posterior pituitary?
What are the subdivisions of the posterior pituitary?
What is the infundibular stalk?
What is the infundibular stalk?
What is the pars nervosa?
What is the pars nervosa?
What is the role of the anterior pituitary?
What is the role of the anterior pituitary?
What is the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system?
What is the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system?
What is a portal system?
What is a portal system?
What is the pathway of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system?
What is the pathway of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system?
What does the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) do?
What does the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) do?
What is prolactin (PRL) responsible for?
What is prolactin (PRL) responsible for?
What is the function of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?
What is the function of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?
What is the role of growth hormone (GH)?
What is the role of growth hormone (GH)?
What hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary?
What hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary?
What do follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) influence?
What do follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) influence?
What is pituitary dwarfism?
What is pituitary dwarfism?
What is the mechanism behind pituitary dwarfism?
What is the mechanism behind pituitary dwarfism?
What is pituitary gigantism?
What is pituitary gigantism?
Pituitary dwarfism and pituitary gigantism can occur throughout life.
Pituitary dwarfism and pituitary gigantism can occur throughout life.
What is acromegaly?
What is acromegaly?
What does the posterior pituitary act as?
What does the posterior pituitary act as?
What is the role of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
What is the role of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
What does oxytocin regulate?
What does oxytocin regulate?
ADH and oxytocin act via a _________ pathway.
ADH and oxytocin act via a _________ pathway.
The posterior pituitary produces hormones itself.
The posterior pituitary produces hormones itself.
What is the role of axon terminals in the posterior pituitary?
What is the role of axon terminals in the posterior pituitary?
What is the release process for posterior pituitary hormones?
What is the release process for posterior pituitary hormones?
What is the function of oxytocin?
What is the function of oxytocin?
Both males and females express oxytocin receptors.
Both males and females express oxytocin receptors.
Oxytocin may be a treatment for _________ disorders, including __________.
Oxytocin may be a treatment for _________ disorders, including __________.
Oxytocin acts on a ________ feedback loop.
Oxytocin acts on a ________ feedback loop.
What describes the oxytocin feedback loop during contractions?
What describes the oxytocin feedback loop during contractions?
What is the thyroid gland?
What is the thyroid gland?
What are the two hormones produced by the thyroid?
What are the two hormones produced by the thyroid?
What does the thyroid hormone (TH) maintain?
What does the thyroid hormone (TH) maintain?
What is the function of calcitonin?
What is the function of calcitonin?
What mechanism does calcitonin use?
What mechanism does calcitonin use?
_______ plays a role in TH production.
_______ plays a role in TH production.
Describe the structure of the thyroid gland.
Describe the structure of the thyroid gland.
What is the characteristic of thyroid histology?
What is the characteristic of thyroid histology?
What is colloid?
What is colloid?
What do follicular cells do?
What do follicular cells do?
What do parafollicular cells produce?
What do parafollicular cells produce?
What is hypothyroidism?
What is hypothyroidism?
What are goiters?
What are goiters?
What causes goiters?
What causes goiters?
Describe thyroid hormone production and regulation.
Describe thyroid hormone production and regulation.
What is the problem with hypothyroidism?
What is the problem with hypothyroidism?
Where are the parathyroid glands located?
Where are the parathyroid glands located?
What are the two types of cells in the parathyroid?
What are the two types of cells in the parathyroid?
What do parathyroid cells secrete?
What do parathyroid cells secrete?
What do oxyphil cells have?
What do oxyphil cells have?
Describe the histology of the parathyroid.
Describe the histology of the parathyroid.
What does parathyroid hormone (PTH) do?
What does parathyroid hormone (PTH) do?
Parathyroid hormone is made by __________ cells.
Parathyroid hormone is made by __________ cells.
How is calcium released into the bloodstream?
How is calcium released into the bloodstream?
__________ facilitates the storage of calcium in bone while ________ encourages the release of calcium from bone.
__________ facilitates the storage of calcium in bone while ________ encourages the release of calcium from bone.
What does the calcium regulation diagram reference?
What does the calcium regulation diagram reference?
What are adrenal glands?
What are adrenal glands?
What are the parts of the adrenal glands?
What are the parts of the adrenal glands?
Each adrenal gland is essentially 2 glands in 1 chunk of tissue.
Each adrenal gland is essentially 2 glands in 1 chunk of tissue.
Describe adrenal gland histology.
Describe adrenal gland histology.
The adrenal cortex makes more than 25 different lipid-based hormones called corticosteroids.
The adrenal cortex makes more than 25 different lipid-based hormones called corticosteroids.
What do corticosteroids regulate?
What do corticosteroids regulate?
What does the glomerulosa produce?
What does the glomerulosa produce?
What does the fasciculata produce?
What does the fasciculata produce?
What is cortisol responsible for?
What is cortisol responsible for?
What does the reticularis produce?
What does the reticularis produce?
How can one remember corticosteroids?
How can one remember corticosteroids?
What is aldosterone?
What is aldosterone?
What is cortisol's role during stress?
What is cortisol's role during stress?
What does cortisol do in terms of inflammation?
What does cortisol do in terms of inflammation?
What is DHEA?
What is DHEA?
What is Cushing syndrome?
What is Cushing syndrome?
What are symptoms of Cushing's?
What are symptoms of Cushing's?
What regulates the release of corticosteroids?
What regulates the release of corticosteroids?
Questions and Answers
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Study Notes
Study Notes
Endocrine System Overview
- Endocrine system consists of organs that manufacture and secrete hormones into the bloodstream.
- Hormones are molecules that affect specific organs or tissues with matching receptors.
- Tropic hormones stimulate other glands to release hormones, often causing slight gland swelling.
Stimulation of Endocrine Glands
- Endocrine glands can release hormones in response to:
- Humoral stimulus: changes in blood levels (e.g., low blood calcium).
- Neural stimulus: direct stimulation by neurons.
- Hormonal stimulus: influenced by other hormones.
- Feedback loops regulate hormone levels, including negative feedback (turns off pathways) and positive feedback (accelerates pathways).
Role of the Hypothalamus
- Hypothalamus acts as the "president" of the endocrine system.
- Monitors and controls hormone secretion via:
- Influencing the anterior pituitary (hormonal/tropic stimulus).
- Producing hormones directly (humoral stimulus).
- Overseeing secretion by the adrenal medulla (neural stimulus).
Pituitary Gland Structure
- Located in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone.
- Anterior and posterior lobes have distinct functions.
- Anterior pituitary subdivided into pars tuberalis, pars intermedia, and pars distalis, while the posterior comprises the infundibular stalk and pars nervosa.
- Controlled by the hypothalamus through the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system, which connects the two areas without involving the general circulation.
Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary
- Produces various hormones:
- Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) regulates thyroid hormone release.
- Prolactin (PRL) governs milk production and hormone secretion.
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulates adrenal cortex.
- Growth hormone (GH) promotes growth in bones and muscles.
- Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) regulate reproductive functions.
Disorders Related to Growth Hormone
- Pituitary dwarfism: caused by inadequate GH production leading to decreased stature.
- Pituitary gigantism: excessive GH secretion in childhood results in increased height.
- Acromegaly: occurs in adulthood from continued GH secretion, causing enlarged soft tissues.
Posterior Pituitary Function
- Serves as a storage site for hormones synthesized by the hypothalamus, specifically antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin.
- ADH regulates water retention in kidneys; oxytocin influences uterine contractions and milk ejection.
Thyroid Gland and Functions
- Located in the neck, functioning mainly through:
- Thyroid hormone (TH): regulates metabolism and body temperature.
- Calcitonin: lowers blood calcium levels by promoting calcium deposition in bones.
Calcium Regulation
- Parathyroid hormone (PTH), produced by parathyroid cells, increases blood calcium by stimulating osteoclasts to release calcium from bones.
- Calcitonin works antagonistically to PTH.
Adrenal Glands Structure
- Located atop the kidneys, comprising an outer cortex and inner medulla, each functioning independently.
- The cortex produces corticosteroids, including:
- Mineralocorticoids (e.g., aldosterone) that regulate electrolyte levels.
- Glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisol) that influence glucose metabolism and stress response.
- Gonadocorticoids (e.g., DHEA) which act as precursors for sex hormones.
Cushing Syndrome
- Resulting from excess glucocorticoids, Cushing's syndrome presents with symptoms like obesity, hypertension, and abnormal body fat distribution.
Key Regulatory Hormones
- ACTH: Hormone from the anterior pituitary regulating corticosteroid release from the adrenal cortex.
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