Podcast
Questions and Answers
Hormones are normally secreted via ducts into the bloodstream.
Hormones are normally secreted via ducts into the bloodstream.
False (B)
Hormones serve as intracellular messengers.
Hormones serve as intracellular messengers.
False (B)
Testosterone is a gonadotropin.
Testosterone is a gonadotropin.
False (B)
Many effects of growth hormone are mediated by insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) secreted by the pancreas.
Many effects of growth hormone are mediated by insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) secreted by the pancreas.
Both the thymus and the pineal gland shrink after childhood.
Both the thymus and the pineal gland shrink after childhood.
Thyroid hormone has a calorigenic effect.
Thyroid hormone has a calorigenic effect.
Epinephrine is said to have a glucose-sparing effect.
Epinephrine is said to have a glucose-sparing effect.
Cholesterol is essential for the synthesis of steroid hormones.
Cholesterol is essential for the synthesis of steroid hormones.
Peptide hormones are synthesized by cytoplasmic ribosomes as active enzymes.
Peptide hormones are synthesized by cytoplasmic ribosomes as active enzymes.
Regardless of the cause of stress, the body reacts in a fairly consistent way to different stressors.
Regardless of the cause of stress, the body reacts in a fairly consistent way to different stressors.
The exhaustion stage of the general adaptation syndrome (stress response) sets in only if protein reserves are depleted.
The exhaustion stage of the general adaptation syndrome (stress response) sets in only if protein reserves are depleted.
Eicosanoids are derived from steroids.
Eicosanoids are derived from steroids.
Prostaglandins are considered paracrines.
Prostaglandins are considered paracrines.
Myxedema is characterized by low metabolic rate, sluggishness, and sleepiness.
Myxedema is characterized by low metabolic rate, sluggishness, and sleepiness.
Addison disease is a consequence of a tumor of the adrenal medulla.
Addison disease is a consequence of a tumor of the adrenal medulla.
Which of the following is true regarding endocrine glands?
Which of the following is true regarding endocrine glands?
The nervous system reacts to stimuli __________ compared to the endocrine system, adapts __________ compared to the endocrine system, and has __________ effects compared to the endocrine system.
The nervous system reacts to stimuli __________ compared to the endocrine system, adapts __________ compared to the endocrine system, and has __________ effects compared to the endocrine system.
_________ are secreted by one cell into the tissue fluid, diffuse to nearby cells in the same tissue, and stimulate their physiology.
_________ are secreted by one cell into the tissue fluid, diffuse to nearby cells in the same tissue, and stimulate their physiology.
The __________ can be found as part of the epithalamus, near the superior colliculi of the midbrain.
The __________ can be found as part of the epithalamus, near the superior colliculi of the midbrain.
The _________ secretes growth hormone, which is also known as somatotropin.
The _________ secretes growth hormone, which is also known as somatotropin.
The __________ is not an endocrine gland but it has a role in endocrine function.
The __________ is not an endocrine gland but it has a role in endocrine function.
Which of the following is the correct abbreviation for the hormone that stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete ACTH?
Which of the following is the correct abbreviation for the hormone that stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete ACTH?
What makes a cell responsive to a particular hormone?
What makes a cell responsive to a particular hormone?
The posterior pituitary secretes _________.
The posterior pituitary secretes _________.
The anterior pituitary is __________ than the posterior pituitary and has __________ connection to the hypothalamus.
The anterior pituitary is __________ than the posterior pituitary and has __________ connection to the hypothalamus.
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone targets the __________.
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone targets the __________.
The hypophyseal portal system connects the _________ with the _________.
The hypophyseal portal system connects the _________ with the _________.
Which of the following is not a hypothalamic hormone?
Which of the following is not a hypothalamic hormone?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) targets the __________.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) targets the __________.
Of the following hormones, which has more target cells in the body than the others?
Of the following hormones, which has more target cells in the body than the others?
Target organs most often regulate the pituitary gland via _________.
Target organs most often regulate the pituitary gland via _________.
The infundibulum is a ___________.
The infundibulum is a ___________.
__________ secretion is controlled by neuroendocrine reflexes, whereas __________ secretion is controlled by negative feedback mechanisms.
__________ secretion is controlled by neuroendocrine reflexes, whereas __________ secretion is controlled by negative feedback mechanisms.
Negative feedback inhibition occurs when __________.
Negative feedback inhibition occurs when __________.
Which hormone stimulates glucocorticoid secretion?
Which hormone stimulates glucocorticoid secretion?
Which of these hormones does not stimulate the release of another hormone by its target cells?
Which of these hormones does not stimulate the release of another hormone by its target cells?
The hormone called _________ plays an important role in synchronizing physiological function with the cycle of daylight and darkness.
The hormone called _________ plays an important role in synchronizing physiological function with the cycle of daylight and darkness.
The __________ secretes several hormones that stimulate the development of lymphatic organs and regulates development and activity of T cells (white blood cells).
The __________ secretes several hormones that stimulate the development of lymphatic organs and regulates development and activity of T cells (white blood cells).
The __________ secretes a hormone that increases the body's metabolic rate, promotes alertness, quickens reflexes, and stimulates the fetal nervous system.
The __________ secretes a hormone that increases the body's metabolic rate, promotes alertness, quickens reflexes, and stimulates the fetal nervous system.
The __________ secrete(s) a hormone as a response to hypocalcemia.
The __________ secrete(s) a hormone as a response to hypocalcemia.
The __________ secrete(s) __________, which promotes Na+ and water retention.
The __________ secrete(s) __________, which promotes Na+ and water retention.
The zona fasciculata in the adrenal gland secretes ___________.
The zona fasciculata in the adrenal gland secretes ___________.
Many hours after a meal, alpha (α) cells in the pancreatic islets secrete _________, which _________ blood glucose.
Many hours after a meal, alpha (α) cells in the pancreatic islets secrete _________, which _________ blood glucose.
Which of the following is not secreted by the pancreas?
Which of the following is not secreted by the pancreas?
Which of the following organs has both endocrine and exocrine functions?
Which of the following organs has both endocrine and exocrine functions?
Which of the following is not a steroid hormone?
Which of the following is not a steroid hormone?
Which of the following is synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
Which of the following is synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
The absence of iodine in the diet leads to __________.
The absence of iodine in the diet leads to __________.
T4 and T3 are __________ hormones that are mainly transported __________ in the blood.
T4 and T3 are __________ hormones that are mainly transported __________ in the blood.
Which of the following enters a target cell's nucleus and acts directly on the genes?
Which of the following enters a target cell's nucleus and acts directly on the genes?
Which of the following is the last step in the sequence of events happening when cyclic AMP acts as a second messenger?
Which of the following is the last step in the sequence of events happening when cyclic AMP acts as a second messenger?
Which of the following makes it possible for even a small quantity of hormone to have a strong effect on its target cell?
Which of the following makes it possible for even a small quantity of hormone to have a strong effect on its target cell?
Which of the following is an increase in the number of receptors making a target cell more sensitive to a hormone?
Which of the following is an increase in the number of receptors making a target cell more sensitive to a hormone?
Circulating hormones are mostly taken up and degraded by the _________ and the __________.
Circulating hormones are mostly taken up and degraded by the _________ and the __________.
Neither follicle stimulating (FSH) hormone nor testosterone alone can stimulate significant sperm production, whereas when they act together, the testes produce some 300,000 sperm per minute. This is an example of which principle regarding hormones?
Neither follicle stimulating (FSH) hormone nor testosterone alone can stimulate significant sperm production, whereas when they act together, the testes produce some 300,000 sperm per minute. This is an example of which principle regarding hormones?
Glucagon increases blood glucose concentration and insulin decreases it. This is an example of _____.
Glucagon increases blood glucose concentration and insulin decreases it. This is an example of _____.
The resistance stage in the general adaptation syndrome (stress response) is dominated by __________.
The resistance stage in the general adaptation syndrome (stress response) is dominated by __________.
Any situation that upsets homeostasis and threatens one's physical or emotional well-being is called __________.
Any situation that upsets homeostasis and threatens one's physical or emotional well-being is called __________.
During the exhaustion stage of the general adaptation syndrome (stress response), stress overwhelms homeostasis. One characteristic of this stage is that __________.
During the exhaustion stage of the general adaptation syndrome (stress response), stress overwhelms homeostasis. One characteristic of this stage is that __________.
Which of the following is true regarding cortisol?
Which of the following is true regarding cortisol?
The initial response to stress is called the _________ and is mediated mainly by __________.
The initial response to stress is called the _________ and is mediated mainly by __________.
Eicosanoids are derived from __________.
Eicosanoids are derived from __________.
Which of the following is not a role of prostaglandins?
Which of the following is not a role of prostaglandins?
Aspirin and ibuprofen block the __________.
Aspirin and ibuprofen block the __________.
Diabetes insipidus is caused by __________.
Diabetes insipidus is caused by __________.
Which of the following effects on a gland can be caused by a tumor?
Which of the following effects on a gland can be caused by a tumor?
Which of the following is not a cause of Cushing syndrome?
Which of the following is not a cause of Cushing syndrome?
Growth hormone (GH) hypersecretion causes gigantism when it begins in childhood, but it is more likely to cause __________ when it begins in adulthood.
Growth hormone (GH) hypersecretion causes gigantism when it begins in childhood, but it is more likely to cause __________ when it begins in adulthood.
Which of the following is not a characteristic of diabetes mellitus?
Which of the following is not a characteristic of diabetes mellitus?
Which of the following statements about diabetes mellitus is false?
Which of the following statements about diabetes mellitus is false?
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events leading to the polyuria and dehydration associated with diabetes mellitus?
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events leading to the polyuria and dehydration associated with diabetes mellitus?
TEST and EST are abbreviations for testosterone and estrogen.
TEST and EST are abbreviations for testosterone and estrogen.
Hormones that bind to proteins while transported in the blood generally have a longer half-life.
Hormones that bind to proteins while transported in the blood generally have a longer half-life.
Worrying about your upcoming exam in history class is a valid form of stress.
Worrying about your upcoming exam in history class is a valid form of stress.
Study Notes
Hormones and Their Functions
- Hormones are secreted directly into the bloodstream, not via ducts.
- They act as signaling molecules, but not solely as intracellular messengers.
- Testosterone is not classified as a gonadotropin.
- Growth hormone effects are mediated by insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), but IGFs are secreted by the liver, not the pancreas.
Glandular Changes and Hormonal Effects
- The thymus and pineal gland both decrease in size after childhood.
- Thyroid hormone has a calorigenic effect, increasing metabolic rate.
- Epinephrine has a glucose-sparing effect, preserving glucose availability for critical functions.
- Cholesterol is crucial for the synthesis of steroid hormones.
Stress Response and Regulation
- The body exhibits a consistent response to various stressors, indicating a generalized stress response.
- The exhaustion stage of general adaptation syndrome can arise without protein reserves being depleted.
- Eicosanoids are not derived from steroids but from arachidonic acid.
Hormonal Interactions and Effects
- Prostaglandins are categorized as paracrines, influencing neighboring cells.
- Myxedema features low metabolic rates and is associated with hypothyroidism.
- Addison's disease is due to adrenal cortex issues, not adrenal medulla tumors.
Endocrine Glands and Their Functions
- Endocrine glands release hormones directly into the blood.
- The anterior pituitary gland is larger and lacks a direct nervous connection to the hypothalamus.
- Hormones like ACTH stimulate specific target organs through negative feedback mechanisms.
Hormonal Signals and Feedback Loops
- Thyrotropin-releasing hormone targets the anterior pituitary to stimulate further hormone secretion.
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) acts on the kidneys, regulating water retention.
- Negative feedback inhibition is a core regulatory mechanism in the hormonal system.
Hormones and Metabolism
- Growth hormone (GH) has extensive target cells throughout the body.
- Glucagon raises blood glucose levels, whereas insulin lowers them, showcasing antagonistic effects.
- Cortisol is responsible for the resistance stage of the stress response, providing energy via fat and protein breakdown.
Diabetes and Related Disorders
- Diabetes insipidus results from ADH deficiency.
- Polyuria and dehydration in diabetes mellitus follow a specific sequence starting from hyperglycemia.
- Characteristics of diabetes mellitus include hyperglycemia, not hypoglycemia.
Miscellaneous Hormonal Facts
- Steroid hormones are often bound to proteins in circulation for prolonged effects.
- Estrogen can directly act on a cell's nucleus.
- The presence of hormone receptors determines a cell’s responsiveness to hormones, with up-regulation enhancing sensitivity.
Other Important Notes
- Aspirin and ibuprofen inhibit cyclooxygenase, affecting prostaglandin function.
- Growth hormone hypersecretion leads to gigantism in children and acromegaly in adults.
- Worries and stress can have legitimate psychological effects, demonstrating stress's multifaceted nature.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Test your knowledge of the Endocrine System with these flashcards from Chapter 17. This quiz covers key concepts and definitions related to hormones, their functions, and related misconceptions. Perfect for students studying biology or health sciences.
