Endocrine System Flashcards

Questions and Answers

Hormones are normally secreted via ducts into the bloodstream.

False

Hormones serve as intracellular messengers.

False

Testosterone is a gonadotropin.

False

Many effects of growth hormone are mediated by insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) secreted by the pancreas.

False Signup and view all the answers

Both the thymus and the pineal gland shrink after childhood.

True Signup and view all the answers

Thyroid hormone has a calorigenic effect.

True Signup and view all the answers

Epinephrine is said to have a glucose-sparing effect.

True Signup and view all the answers

Cholesterol is essential for the synthesis of steroid hormones.

True Signup and view all the answers

Peptide hormones are synthesized by cytoplasmic ribosomes as active enzymes.

False Signup and view all the answers

Regardless of the cause of stress, the body reacts in a fairly consistent way to different stressors.

True Signup and view all the answers

The exhaustion stage of the general adaptation syndrome (stress response) sets in only if protein reserves are depleted.

False Signup and view all the answers

Eicosanoids are derived from steroids.

False Signup and view all the answers

Prostaglandins are considered paracrines.

True Signup and view all the answers

Myxedema is characterized by low metabolic rate, sluggishness, and sleepiness.

True Signup and view all the answers

Addison disease is a consequence of a tumor of the adrenal medulla.

False Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding endocrine glands?

They release their secretions into the blood. Signup and view all the answers

The nervous system reacts to stimuli compared to the endocrine system, adapts compared to the endocrine system, and has __ effects compared to the endocrine system.

quickly; quickly; specific Signup and view all the answers

_________ are secreted by one cell into the tissue fluid, diffuse to nearby cells in the same tissue, and stimulate their physiology.

Paracrines Signup and view all the answers

The __________ can be found as part of the epithalamus, near the superior colliculi of the midbrain.

pineal gland Signup and view all the answers

The _________ secretes growth hormone, which is also known as somatotropin.

anterior pituitary Signup and view all the answers

The __________ is not an endocrine gland but it has a role in endocrine function.

kidney Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the correct abbreviation for the hormone that stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete ACTH?

CRH Signup and view all the answers

What makes a cell responsive to a particular hormone?

The presence of a receptor for that particular hormone Signup and view all the answers

The posterior pituitary secretes _________.

oxytocin(OT) Signup and view all the answers

The anterior pituitary is than the posterior pituitary and has connection to the hypothalamus.

larger; no nervous Signup and view all the answers

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone targets the __________.

anterior pituitary Signup and view all the answers

The hypophyseal portal system connects the _ with the _.

anterior pituitary; hypothalamus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a hypothalamic hormone?

Luteinizing hormone (LH) Signup and view all the answers

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) targets the __________.

kidneys Signup and view all the answers

Of the following hormones, which has more target cells in the body than the others?

Growth hormone (GH) Signup and view all the answers

Target organs most often regulate the pituitary gland via _________.

negative feedback inhibition Signup and view all the answers

The infundibulum is a ___________.

projection of the hypothalamus from which the pituitary gland hangs Signup and view all the answers

secretion is controlled by neuroendocrine reflexes, whereas secretion is controlled by negative feedback mechanisms.

Oxytocin (OT); antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Signup and view all the answers

Negative feedback inhibition occurs when __________.

thyroid hormone (TH) targets the anterior pituitary Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone stimulates glucocorticoid secretion?

ACTH Signup and view all the answers

Which of these hormones does not stimulate the release of another hormone by its target cells?

PRL Signup and view all the answers

The hormone called _________ plays an important role in synchronizing physiological function with the cycle of daylight and darkness.

melatonin Signup and view all the answers

The __________ secretes several hormones that stimulate the development of lymphatic organs and regulates development and activity of T cells (white blood cells).

thymus Signup and view all the answers

The __________ secretes a hormone that increases the body's metabolic rate, promotes alertness, quickens reflexes, and stimulates the fetal nervous system.

thyroid gland Signup and view all the answers

The __________ secrete(s) a hormone as a response to hypocalcemia.

parathyroid glands Signup and view all the answers

The secrete(s) , which promotes Na+ and water retention.

adrenal cortex; aldosterone Signup and view all the answers

The zona fasciculata in the adrenal gland secretes ___________.

cortisol Signup and view all the answers

Many hours after a meal, alpha (α) cells in the pancreatic islets secrete _, which _ blood glucose.

glucagon; raises Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not secreted by the pancreas?

Somatotropin (growth hormone) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organs has both endocrine and exocrine functions?

The ovary Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a steroid hormone?

Insulin Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Glucagon Signup and view all the answers

The absence of iodine in the diet leads to __________.

hypothyroidism Signup and view all the answers

T4 and T3 are hormones that are mainly transported in the blood.

monoamine; bound to thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following enters a target cell's nucleus and acts directly on the genes?

Estrogen Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the last step in the sequence of events happening when cyclic AMP acts as a second messenger?

Enzymes are activated or deactivated by the action of protein kinases Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following makes it possible for even a small quantity of hormone to have a strong effect on its target cell?

Enzyme amplification Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an increase in the number of receptors making a target cell more sensitive to a hormone?

Up-regulation Signup and view all the answers

Circulating hormones are mostly taken up and degraded by the _ and the __.

liver; kidneys Signup and view all the answers

Neither follicle stimulating (FSH) hormone nor testosterone alone can stimulate significant sperm production, whereas when they act together, the testes produce some 300,000 sperm per minute. This is an example of which principle regarding hormones?

The synergistic effect Signup and view all the answers

Glucagon increases blood glucose concentration and insulin decreases it. This is an example of _____.

the antagonistic effect Signup and view all the answers

The resistance stage in the general adaptation syndrome (stress response) is dominated by __________.

cortisol Signup and view all the answers

Any situation that upsets homeostasis and threatens one's physical or emotional well-being is called __________.

stress Signup and view all the answers

During the exhaustion stage of the general adaptation syndrome (stress response), stress overwhelms homeostasis. One characteristic of this stage is that __________.

energy demands are met primarily by protein metabolism Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding cortisol?

It promotes breakdown of fat and protein. Signup and view all the answers

The initial response to stress is called the _ and is mediated mainly by __.

alarm reaction; norepinephrine and epinephrine Signup and view all the answers

Eicosanoids are derived from __________.

arachidonic acid Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a role of prostaglandins?

To stop fever and pain Signup and view all the answers

Aspirin and ibuprofen block the __________.

action of cyclooxygenase Signup and view all the answers

Diabetes insipidus is caused by __________.

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) hyposecretion Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following effects on a gland can be caused by a tumor?

Hyposecretion and hypersecretion Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a cause of Cushing syndrome?

Hyperactivity of the adrenal medulla Signup and view all the answers

Growth hormone (GH) hypersecretion causes gigantism when it begins in childhood, but it is more likely to cause __________ when it begins in adulthood.

acromegaly Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a characteristic of diabetes mellitus?

Hypoglycemia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about diabetes mellitus is false?

Both type I and type II DM are characterized by lack of, or low levels of, insulin. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events leading to the polyuria and dehydration associated with diabetes mellitus?

Hyperglycemia → glucose enters renal tubules → glucose transport maximum exceeded → glucose in urine raises osmolarity of tubular fluid → osmotic diuresis Signup and view all the answers

TEST and EST are abbreviations for testosterone and estrogen.

False Signup and view all the answers

Hormones that bind to proteins while transported in the blood generally have a longer half-life.

True Signup and view all the answers

Worrying about your upcoming exam in history class is a valid form of stress.

True Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Hormones and Their Functions

Hormones are secreted directly into the bloodstream, not via ducts.
They act as signaling molecules, but not solely as intracellular messengers.
Testosterone is not classified as a gonadotropin.
Growth hormone effects are mediated by insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), but IGFs are secreted by the liver, not the pancreas.

Glandular Changes and Hormonal Effects

The thymus and pineal gland both decrease in size after childhood.
Thyroid hormone has a calorigenic effect, increasing metabolic rate.
Epinephrine has a glucose-sparing effect, preserving glucose availability for critical functions.
Cholesterol is crucial for the synthesis of steroid hormones.

Stress Response and Regulation

The body exhibits a consistent response to various stressors, indicating a generalized stress response.
The exhaustion stage of general adaptation syndrome can arise without protein reserves being depleted.
Eicosanoids are not derived from steroids but from arachidonic acid.

Hormonal Interactions and Effects

Prostaglandins are categorized as paracrines, influencing neighboring cells.
Myxedema features low metabolic rates and is associated with hypothyroidism.
Addison's disease is due to adrenal cortex issues, not adrenal medulla tumors.

Endocrine Glands and Their Functions

Endocrine glands release hormones directly into the blood.
The anterior pituitary gland is larger and lacks a direct nervous connection to the hypothalamus.
Hormones like ACTH stimulate specific target organs through negative feedback mechanisms.

Hormonal Signals and Feedback Loops

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone targets the anterior pituitary to stimulate further hormone secretion.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) acts on the kidneys, regulating water retention.
Negative feedback inhibition is a core regulatory mechanism in the hormonal system.

Hormones and Metabolism

Growth hormone (GH) has extensive target cells throughout the body.
Glucagon raises blood glucose levels, whereas insulin lowers them, showcasing antagonistic effects.
Cortisol is responsible for the resistance stage of the stress response, providing energy via fat and protein breakdown.

Diabetes insipidus results from ADH deficiency.
Polyuria and dehydration in diabetes mellitus follow a specific sequence starting from hyperglycemia.
Characteristics of diabetes mellitus include hyperglycemia, not hypoglycemia.

Miscellaneous Hormonal Facts

Steroid hormones are often bound to proteins in circulation for prolonged effects.
Estrogen can directly act on a cell's nucleus.
The presence of hormone receptors determines a cell’s responsiveness to hormones, with up-regulation enhancing sensitivity.

Other Important Notes

Aspirin and ibuprofen inhibit cyclooxygenase, affecting prostaglandin function.
Growth hormone hypersecretion leads to gigantism in children and acromegaly in adults.
Worries and stress can have legitimate psychological effects, demonstrating stress's multifaceted nature.

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Test your knowledge of the Endocrine System with these flashcards from Chapter 17. This quiz covers key concepts and definitions related to hormones, their functions, and related misconceptions. Perfect for students studying biology or health sciences.

Endocrine System Flashcards - Chapter 17

Questions and Answers

Hormones are normally secreted via ducts into the bloodstream.

Hormones serve as intracellular messengers.

Testosterone is a gonadotropin.

Many effects of growth hormone are mediated by insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) secreted by the pancreas.

Both the thymus and the pineal gland shrink after childhood.

Thyroid hormone has a calorigenic effect.

Epinephrine is said to have a glucose-sparing effect.

Cholesterol is essential for the synthesis of steroid hormones.

Peptide hormones are synthesized by cytoplasmic ribosomes as active enzymes.

Regardless of the cause of stress, the body reacts in a fairly consistent way to different stressors.

The exhaustion stage of the general adaptation syndrome (stress response) sets in only if protein reserves are depleted.

Eicosanoids are derived from steroids.

Prostaglandins are considered paracrines.

Myxedema is characterized by low metabolic rate, sluggishness, and sleepiness.

Addison disease is a consequence of a tumor of the adrenal medulla.

Which of the following is true regarding endocrine glands?

The nervous system reacts to stimuli __________ compared to the endocrine system, adapts __________ compared to the endocrine system, and has __________ effects compared to the endocrine system.

_________ are secreted by one cell into the tissue fluid, diffuse to nearby cells in the same tissue, and stimulate their physiology.

The __________ can be found as part of the epithalamus, near the superior colliculi of the midbrain.

The _________ secretes growth hormone, which is also known as somatotropin.

The __________ is not an endocrine gland but it has a role in endocrine function.

Which of the following is the correct abbreviation for the hormone that stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete ACTH?

What makes a cell responsive to a particular hormone?

The posterior pituitary secretes _________.

The anterior pituitary is __________ than the posterior pituitary and has __________ connection to the hypothalamus.

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone targets the __________.

The hypophyseal portal system connects the _________ with the _________.

Which of the following is not a hypothalamic hormone?

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) targets the __________.

Of the following hormones, which has more target cells in the body than the others?

Target organs most often regulate the pituitary gland via _________.

The infundibulum is a ___________.

__________ secretion is controlled by neuroendocrine reflexes, whereas __________ secretion is controlled by negative feedback mechanisms.

Negative feedback inhibition occurs when __________.

Which hormone stimulates glucocorticoid secretion?

Which of these hormones does not stimulate the release of another hormone by its target cells?

The hormone called _________ plays an important role in synchronizing physiological function with the cycle of daylight and darkness.

The __________ secretes several hormones that stimulate the development of lymphatic organs and regulates development and activity of T cells (white blood cells).

The __________ secretes a hormone that increases the body's metabolic rate, promotes alertness, quickens reflexes, and stimulates the fetal nervous system.

The __________ secrete(s) a hormone as a response to hypocalcemia.

The __________ secrete(s) __________, which promotes Na+ and water retention.

The zona fasciculata in the adrenal gland secretes ___________.

Many hours after a meal, alpha (α) cells in the pancreatic islets secrete _________, which _________ blood glucose.

Which of the following is not secreted by the pancreas?

Which of the following organs has both endocrine and exocrine functions?

Which of the following is not a steroid hormone?

Which of the following is synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

The absence of iodine in the diet leads to __________.

T4 and T3 are __________ hormones that are mainly transported __________ in the blood.

Which of the following enters a target cell's nucleus and acts directly on the genes?

Which of the following is the last step in the sequence of events happening when cyclic AMP acts as a second messenger?

Which of the following makes it possible for even a small quantity of hormone to have a strong effect on its target cell?

Which of the following is an increase in the number of receptors making a target cell more sensitive to a hormone?

Circulating hormones are mostly taken up and degraded by the _________ and the __________.

Neither follicle stimulating (FSH) hormone nor testosterone alone can stimulate significant sperm production, whereas when they act together, the testes produce some 300,000 sperm per minute. This is an example of which principle regarding hormones?

Glucagon increases blood glucose concentration and insulin decreases it. This is an example of _____.

The resistance stage in the general adaptation syndrome (stress response) is dominated by __________.

Any situation that upsets homeostasis and threatens one's physical or emotional well-being is called __________.

During the exhaustion stage of the general adaptation syndrome (stress response), stress overwhelms homeostasis. One characteristic of this stage is that __________.

Which of the following is true regarding cortisol?

The initial response to stress is called the _________ and is mediated mainly by __________.

Eicosanoids are derived from __________.

Which of the following is not a role of prostaglandins?

Aspirin and ibuprofen block the __________.

Diabetes insipidus is caused by __________.

Which of the following effects on a gland can be caused by a tumor?

Which of the following is not a cause of Cushing syndrome?

Growth hormone (GH) hypersecretion causes gigantism when it begins in childhood, but it is more likely to cause __________ when it begins in adulthood.

Which of the following is not a characteristic of diabetes mellitus?

Which of the following statements about diabetes mellitus is false?

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events leading to the polyuria and dehydration associated with diabetes mellitus?

TEST and EST are abbreviations for testosterone and estrogen.

Hormones that bind to proteins while transported in the blood generally have a longer half-life.

Worrying about your upcoming exam in history class is a valid form of stress.

Study Notes

Hormones and Their Functions

Glandular Changes and Hormonal Effects

Stress Response and Regulation

The nervous system reacts to stimuli compared to the endocrine system, adapts compared to the endocrine system, and has __ effects compared to the endocrine system.

The anterior pituitary is than the posterior pituitary and has connection to the hypothalamus.

The hypophyseal portal system connects the _ with the _.

secretion is controlled by neuroendocrine reflexes, whereas secretion is controlled by negative feedback mechanisms.

The secrete(s) , which promotes Na+ and water retention.

Many hours after a meal, alpha (α) cells in the pancreatic islets secrete _, which _ blood glucose.

T4 and T3 are hormones that are mainly transported in the blood.

Circulating hormones are mostly taken up and degraded by the _ and the __.

The initial response to stress is called the _ and is mediated mainly by __.