6.2 Part 2

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following classes of hormones include examples like insulin and growth hormone?

Lipid derivatives

Amino acid derivatives

Protein derivatives (correct)

Steroid hormones

The endocrine system communicates using electrical impulses, similar to the nervous system.

False

What is one primary role of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system?

It regulates the secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland.

The process by which an increase in hormone levels leads to a decrease in its production is called ______.

negative feedback regulation Signup and view all the answers

Match the following glands with their primary function in the endocrine system:

Hypothalamus = Regulates pituitary hormones Anterior pituitary = Secretes growth hormone and TSH Posterior pituitary = Releases oxytocin and vasopressin Thyroid gland = Regulates metabolism through thyroid hormones Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of prostaglandins in circulation?

Have strong paracrine effects Signup and view all the answers

Aspirin enhances the production of prostaglandins.

False Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main lobes of the thyroid gland responsible for releasing?

T3 and T4 hormones Signup and view all the answers

The adrenal glands are located on top of the __________.

kidneys Signup and view all the answers

Match the glands with their primary functions:

Pituitary Gland = Releases hormones controlled by the hypothalamus Thyroid Gland = Releases T3 and T4 hormones Adrenal Glands = Regulates stress response Hypothalamus = Controls the pituitary gland Signup and view all the answers

Which type of communication occurs within the same cell?

Autocrine communication Signup and view all the answers

Neurotransmitters are used in the endocrine system.

False Signup and view all the answers

What are eicosanoids derived from?

arachidonic acid Signup and view all the answers

Endocrine communication primarily uses _____ to relay messages.

hormones Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of hormones to their respective classes:

Eicosanoids = Lipid derivatives Insulin = Peptides Thyroxine = Amino acid derivatives Cortisol = Lipid derivatives Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of the nervous system compared to the endocrine system?

Targets specific cells to action Signup and view all the answers

Steroid hormones are primarily released by the reproductive organs.

True Signup and view all the answers

What are the two classes of lipid derivatives mentioned?

eicosanoids and steroid hormones Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Intercellular Communication

Communication between cells is essential for coordination and function within the body
Four main types: direct, paracrine, autocrine, and endocrine

Endocrine System

Key characteristics:
- Hormones released into the bloodstream
- Acts on target cells with specific receptors
- Long-lasting effects compared to the nervous system
Differences from the Nervous System:
- Nervous system: targets specific cells, short-lived action
- Endocrine system: reaches nearly all cells, long-lasting effects

Classes of Hormones

Three main classes:
- Amino acid derivatives: modified amino acids, including thyroid hormones and catecholamines
- Peptide hormones: chains of amino acids, examples include insulin, glucagon, and growth hormone
- Lipid derivatives:
  - Eicosanoids: paracrine signaling molecules derived from arachidonic acid
  - Steroid hormones: derived from cholesterol, examples include testosterone, estrogen, and cortisol

Hormone Transport and Inactivation

Hormones released directly into capillaries
Rapid distribution throughout the body via circulation
Inactivation mechanisms:
- Binding to target cell receptors
- Absorption or breakdown by cells, liver, or kidneys
- Breakdown by enzymes

Hormone Receptors and Action

Hormones can either cross cell membranes or not
- Direct activation: hormones that cross the membrane directly activate cell function (first messenger action)
- Second Messenger Action: hormones that cannot cross the membrane rely on second messengers (G-protein) to trigger cellular responses

Pituitary Gland

Two main parts:
- Anterior Pituitary: releases hormones controlled by the hypothalamus
- Posterior Pituitary: releases hormones synthesized in the hypothalamus

Thyroid Gland

Ductless gland located inferior to the larynx
Two lobes
Releases thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)
Receptors found in the cytoplasm, mitochondria, and nucleus
T3 and T4 increase ATP production in mitochondria

Adrenal Glands

Also known as suprarenal glands
Small, triangular-shaped glands located on top of both kidneys
Produce various hormones, including corticosteroids and catecholamines

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Description

Test your knowledge on the intercellular communication and endocrine system. Explore the main types of cellular communication and understand the classes of hormones and their functions. Discover the differences between the endocrine and nervous systems while delving into hormone action.