Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which communication system reacts quickly but stops quickly?
Which communication system reacts quickly but stops quickly?
Which system's response to long-term stimuli adapts quickly?
Which system's response to long-term stimuli adapts quickly?
Which system has targeted and specific effects on one organ?
Which system has targeted and specific effects on one organ?
Which chemical functions as both a hormone and a neurotransmitter?
Which chemical functions as both a hormone and a neurotransmitter?
Signup and view all the answers
Which gland is shaped like a flattened funnel and regulates homeostasis mechanisms?
Which gland is shaped like a flattened funnel and regulates homeostasis mechanisms?
Signup and view all the answers
Which pituitary gland arises from an outgrowth of the pharynx?
Which pituitary gland arises from an outgrowth of the pharynx?
Signup and view all the answers
'Adenohypophysis' is another name for which part of the pituitary gland?
'Adenohypophysis' is another name for which part of the pituitary gland?
Signup and view all the answers
'Growth Hormone' is also known as:
'Growth Hormone' is also known as:
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?
What is the main difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of hormones in cell communication?
What is the function of hormones in cell communication?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of cell communication mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of cell communication mentioned in the text?
Signup and view all the answers
Where do hormones primarily act in the body?
Where do hormones primarily act in the body?
Signup and view all the answers
What are target cells?
What are target cells?
Signup and view all the answers
Which gland is responsible for producing hormones like thyroxine and triiodothyronine?
Which gland is responsible for producing hormones like thyroxine and triiodothyronine?
Signup and view all the answers
In paracrine signaling, where are hormones secreted?
In paracrine signaling, where are hormones secreted?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of eicosanoids in cell communication?
What is the purpose of eicosanoids in cell communication?
Signup and view all the answers
What clinical manifestations are associated with excess thyroid hormone secretion?
What clinical manifestations are associated with excess thyroid hormone secretion?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the treatment for hyperparathyroidism due to excess parathyroid hormone secretion?
What is the treatment for hyperparathyroidism due to excess parathyroid hormone secretion?
Signup and view all the answers
Which disorder is characterized by excess cortical secretion, leading to hyperglycemia, hypertension, weakness, and muscle and bone loss?
Which disorder is characterized by excess cortical secretion, leading to hyperglycemia, hypertension, weakness, and muscle and bone loss?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the signs and symptoms of hyposecretion of insulin in diabetes mellitus?
What are the signs and symptoms of hyposecretion of insulin in diabetes mellitus?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the major risk factors associated with Type II diabetes mellitus?
What are the major risk factors associated with Type II diabetes mellitus?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the chronic pathology associated with chronic hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus?
What is the chronic pathology associated with chronic hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus?
Signup and view all the answers
What condition can be caused by excess insulin injection or pancreatic islet tumor?
What condition can be caused by excess insulin injection or pancreatic islet tumor?
Signup and view all the answers
What side effects are associated with hyperinsulinism?
What side effects are associated with hyperinsulinism?
Signup and view all the answers
Which cell type in the pancreas secretes glucagon?
Which cell type in the pancreas secretes glucagon?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of insulin secreted by the pancreas?
What is the primary function of insulin secreted by the pancreas?
Signup and view all the answers
When are hyperglycemic hormones like cortisol secreted?
When are hyperglycemic hormones like cortisol secreted?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main function of somatostatin secreted by the pancreas?
What is the main function of somatostatin secreted by the pancreas?
Signup and view all the answers
Which organ releases atrial natriuretic peptide in response to an increase in blood pressure?
Which organ releases atrial natriuretic peptide in response to an increase in blood pressure?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of erythropoietin produced by the kidneys?
What is the primary function of erythropoietin produced by the kidneys?
Signup and view all the answers
How are steroid hormones synthesized?
How are steroid hormones synthesized?
Signup and view all the answers
Where are hormone receptors typically located?
Where are hormone receptors typically located?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of hormones need to bind to cell-surface receptors for their action?
Which type of hormones need to bind to cell-surface receptors for their action?
Signup and view all the answers
How do hydrophilic hormones typically exert their effects?
How do hydrophilic hormones typically exert their effects?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main function of Na+-K+ ATPase in response to thyroid hormone binding?
What is the main function of Na+-K+ ATPase in response to thyroid hormone binding?
Signup and view all the answers
Which process is NOT typically influenced by hydrophilic hormones?
Which process is NOT typically influenced by hydrophilic hormones?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main function of cAMP in the mode of action of hydrophilic hormones?
What is the main function of cAMP in the mode of action of hydrophilic hormones?
Signup and view all the answers
Where does insulin formation start with preproinsulin being converted to proinsulin?
Where does insulin formation start with preproinsulin being converted to proinsulin?
Signup and view all the answers
Which hormone is synthesized from tryptophan instead of tyrosine?
Which hormone is synthesized from tryptophan instead of tyrosine?
Signup and view all the answers
What mineral is required for the synthesis of thyroid hormone?
What mineral is required for the synthesis of thyroid hormone?
Signup and view all the answers
Which protein hormones are transported in the bloodstream as free, unbound forms?
Which protein hormones are transported in the bloodstream as free, unbound forms?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the composition of T4 (thyroxine)?
What is the composition of T4 (thyroxine)?
Signup and view all the answers
Which hormone stimulates follicular cells to release T3 and T4 from thyroglobulin into the plasma?
Which hormone stimulates follicular cells to release T3 and T4 from thyroglobulin into the plasma?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the effect of Ca++ influx and increased K+ efflux in beta 1 receptor activation?
What is the effect of Ca++ influx and increased K+ efflux in beta 1 receptor activation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which enzyme is inhibited by beta 2 receptor activation leading to smooth muscle relaxation?
Which enzyme is inhibited by beta 2 receptor activation leading to smooth muscle relaxation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the effect of long-term high levels of insulin on target cells?
What is the effect of long-term high levels of insulin on target cells?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of hormone interaction involves one hormone enhancing the response to a second hormone?
Which type of hormone interaction involves one hormone enhancing the response to a second hormone?
Signup and view all the answers
In the context of hormones, what does 'MCR' stand for?
In the context of hormones, what does 'MCR' stand for?
Signup and view all the answers
Which system describes the way the body reacts to stress and occurs in stages like alarm reaction and stage of resistance?
Which system describes the way the body reacts to stress and occurs in stages like alarm reaction and stage of resistance?
Signup and view all the answers
Which system is responsible for general, widespread effects on many organs?
Which system is responsible for general, widespread effects on many organs?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the speed of response of the endocrine system compared to the nervous system?
What is the speed of response of the endocrine system compared to the nervous system?
Signup and view all the answers
Which chemical can function as both a hormone and a neurotransmitter?
Which chemical can function as both a hormone and a neurotransmitter?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone)?
What is the primary function of ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone)?
Signup and view all the answers
Which hormone stimulates the production of Testosterone in males?
Which hormone stimulates the production of Testosterone in males?
Signup and view all the answers
What is oxytocin primarily responsible for in females?
What is oxytocin primarily responsible for in females?
Signup and view all the answers
Which gland is suspended from the hypothalamus by a stalk and housed in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone?
Which gland is suspended from the hypothalamus by a stalk and housed in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone?
Signup and view all the answers
Where do hydrophobic hormones like estrogen and aldosterone bind?
Where do hydrophobic hormones like estrogen and aldosterone bind?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of cAMP in the mode of action of hydrophilic hormones like epinephrine?
What is the role of cAMP in the mode of action of hydrophilic hormones like epinephrine?
Signup and view all the answers
Which organelle's function is directly affected by the binding of Thyroid Hormone (TH) to its receptors?
Which organelle's function is directly affected by the binding of Thyroid Hormone (TH) to its receptors?
Signup and view all the answers
Which protein is activated by G(s) protein in the signaling pathway of hydrophilic hormones through cAMP as a second messenger?
Which protein is activated by G(s) protein in the signaling pathway of hydrophilic hormones through cAMP as a second messenger?
Signup and view all the answers
In Hydrophilic Hormones' mode of action, which process is NOT typically influenced by the activation of enzymes through second messengers?
In Hydrophilic Hormones' mode of action, which process is NOT typically influenced by the activation of enzymes through second messengers?
Signup and view all the answers
Which protein plays a critical role in smooth muscle contraction in the G-coupled protein signaling pathway?
Which protein plays a critical role in smooth muscle contraction in the G-coupled protein signaling pathway?
Signup and view all the answers
What hormone is responsible for sodium and water retention in the initial response stage of stress?
What hormone is responsible for sodium and water retention in the initial response stage of stress?
Signup and view all the answers
What long-term effect is associated with the stage of resistance during stress?
What long-term effect is associated with the stage of resistance during stress?
Signup and view all the answers
Which chemical messenger diffuses from the adrenal medulla to the cortex?
Which chemical messenger diffuses from the adrenal medulla to the cortex?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of prostacyclin in the body?
What is the primary function of prostacyclin in the body?
Signup and view all the answers
What condition results from excessive hormone release, such as toxic goiter in Graves disease?
What condition results from excessive hormone release, such as toxic goiter in Graves disease?
Signup and view all the answers
What disorder results from antibodies that mimic the effect of TSH on the thyroid gland?
What disorder results from antibodies that mimic the effect of TSH on the thyroid gland?
Signup and view all the answers
What clinical manifestation is associated with congenital hypothyroidism in infants?
What clinical manifestation is associated with congenital hypothyroidism in infants?
Signup and view all the answers
'Thyrotoxicosis' is a condition resulting from increased levels of which hormone?
'Thyrotoxicosis' is a condition resulting from increased levels of which hormone?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a long-term effect associated with stress that leads to protein breakdown and muscle wasting?
What is a long-term effect associated with stress that leads to protein breakdown and muscle wasting?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of somatotropin secreted by the anterior pituitary?
What is the primary function of somatotropin secreted by the anterior pituitary?
Signup and view all the answers
Which hormone is responsible for the glucose sparing effect in the body?
Which hormone is responsible for the glucose sparing effect in the body?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary role of oxytocin in the body?
What is the primary role of oxytocin in the body?
Signup and view all the answers
Which gland produces serotonin during the day and converts it to melatonin at night?
Which gland produces serotonin during the day and converts it to melatonin at night?
Signup and view all the answers
Which hormone is produced by the thymus gland to regulate T-lymphocyte activation?
Which hormone is produced by the thymus gland to regulate T-lymphocyte activation?
Signup and view all the answers
Where is calcitonin produced in the body to regulate blood calcium levels?
Where is calcitonin produced in the body to regulate blood calcium levels?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of cortisol produced by the adrenal cortex?
What is the primary function of cortisol produced by the adrenal cortex?
Signup and view all the answers
Which hormone is responsible for increasing alertness, anxiety, and fear in response to stress?
Which hormone is responsible for increasing alertness, anxiety, and fear in response to stress?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary role of mineralocorticoids produced by the adrenal cortex?
What is the primary role of mineralocorticoids produced by the adrenal cortex?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary role of epinephrine and norepinephrine released by the adrenal medulla during stress?
What is the primary role of epinephrine and norepinephrine released by the adrenal medulla during stress?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main difference between the nervous and endocrine systems in terms of communication?
What is the main difference between the nervous and endocrine systems in terms of communication?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following systems has a response area that is general and has widespread effects on many organs?
Which of the following systems has a response area that is general and has widespread effects on many organs?
Signup and view all the answers
Which hormone acts to regulate the body's response to stress and stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce corticosteroids?
Which hormone acts to regulate the body's response to stress and stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce corticosteroids?
Signup and view all the answers
Which hormone stimulates the growth of the thyroid and secretion of thyroid hormones?
Which hormone stimulates the growth of the thyroid and secretion of thyroid hormones?
Signup and view all the answers
Which gland is suspended from the hypothalamus by a stalk and housed in sella turcica of sphenoid bone?
Which gland is suspended from the hypothalamus by a stalk and housed in sella turcica of sphenoid bone?
Signup and view all the answers
Which hormone regulates milk synthesis after delivery in females and LH sensitivity in males?
Which hormone regulates milk synthesis after delivery in females and LH sensitivity in males?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a key function of oxytocin in the body?
What is a key function of oxytocin in the body?
Signup and view all the answers
Which mechanism describes the way endocrine glands interact?
Which mechanism describes the way endocrine glands interact?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of hormones target other endocrine glands?
Which type of hormones target other endocrine glands?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of LH in males?
What is the primary function of LH in males?
Signup and view all the answers
Which part of the pituitary gland arises from an outgrowth of the pharynx?
Which part of the pituitary gland arises from an outgrowth of the pharynx?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the general adaptation syndrome and how many stages does it occur in?
What is the general adaptation syndrome and how many stages does it occur in?
Signup and view all the answers
Which hormone interaction involves one hormone enhancing the response to a second hormone?
Which hormone interaction involves one hormone enhancing the response to a second hormone?
Signup and view all the answers
What effect does activation of beta 1 receptor have on Ca++ influx and K+ efflux?
What effect does activation of beta 1 receptor have on Ca++ influx and K+ efflux?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main effect of long-term high insulin levels on target cells?
What is the main effect of long-term high insulin levels on target cells?
Signup and view all the answers
Which gland is involved in hormone clearance by degrading hormones and then excreting them?
Which gland is involved in hormone clearance by degrading hormones and then excreting them?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the metabolic clearance rate (MCR) of hormones refer to?
What does the metabolic clearance rate (MCR) of hormones refer to?
Signup and view all the answers
Where do hydrophobic hormones like estrogen and aldosterone bind?
Where do hydrophobic hormones like estrogen and aldosterone bind?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary effect of TH binding to receptors on ribosomes and chromatin?
What is the primary effect of TH binding to receptors on ribosomes and chromatin?
Signup and view all the answers
Which organelle is affected when hydrophilic hormones activate kinases through second messenger systems?
Which organelle is affected when hydrophilic hormones activate kinases through second messenger systems?
Signup and view all the answers
In the context of hydrophilic hormones, what is the role of cAMP as a second messenger?
In the context of hydrophilic hormones, what is the role of cAMP as a second messenger?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the direct result of G(s) protein activation by hydrophilic hormones?
What is the direct result of G(s) protein activation by hydrophilic hormones?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main outcome of smooth muscle contraction due to Gq protein activation by alpha 1 receptors?
What is the main outcome of smooth muscle contraction due to Gq protein activation by alpha 1 receptors?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a long-term effect associated with stress that leads to protein breakdown and muscle wasting?
What is a long-term effect associated with stress that leads to protein breakdown and muscle wasting?
Signup and view all the answers
Which endocrine disorder is characterized by inadequate hormone release due to head trauma or a lesion affecting the pituitary gland?
Which endocrine disorder is characterized by inadequate hormone release due to head trauma or a lesion affecting the pituitary gland?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of prostacyclin in the body?
What is the primary function of prostacyclin in the body?
Signup and view all the answers
Which condition results from antibodies that mimic the effect of TSH and leads to excessive thyroid hormone production?
Which condition results from antibodies that mimic the effect of TSH and leads to excessive thyroid hormone production?
Signup and view all the answers
What does hypersecretion refer to in the context of endocrine disorders?
What does hypersecretion refer to in the context of endocrine disorders?
Signup and view all the answers
What effect do eicosanoids have on blood clotting and vasoconstriction?
What effect do eicosanoids have on blood clotting and vasoconstriction?
Signup and view all the answers
Which hormone is responsible for sodium and water retention in the initial response stage of stress?
Which hormone is responsible for sodium and water retention in the initial response stage of stress?
Signup and view all the answers
What clinical manifestation is associated with congenital hypothyroidism in infants?
What clinical manifestation is associated with congenital hypothyroidism in infants?
Signup and view all the answers
Which hormone is produced by the thymus gland to regulate T-lymphocyte activation?
Which hormone is produced by the thymus gland to regulate T-lymphocyte activation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the composition of T4 (thyroxine)?
What is the composition of T4 (thyroxine)?
Signup and view all the answers
Which chemical messenger diffuses from the adrenal medulla to the cortex?
Which chemical messenger diffuses from the adrenal medulla to the cortex?
Signup and view all the answers
Which gland produces serotonin during the day and converts it to melatonin at night?
Which gland produces serotonin during the day and converts it to melatonin at night?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of prostacyclin in the body?
What is the primary function of prostacyclin in the body?
Signup and view all the answers
Which gland is shaped like a flattened funnel and regulates homeostasis mechanisms?
Which gland is shaped like a flattened funnel and regulates homeostasis mechanisms?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a long-term effect associated with stress that leads to protein breakdown and muscle wasting?
What is a long-term effect associated with stress that leads to protein breakdown and muscle wasting?
Signup and view all the answers
Which endocrine disorder is characterized by inadequate hormone release due to head trauma or a lesion affecting the pituitary gland?
Which endocrine disorder is characterized by inadequate hormone release due to head trauma or a lesion affecting the pituitary gland?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of hormone interaction involves one hormone enhancing the response to a second hormone?
Which type of hormone interaction involves one hormone enhancing the response to a second hormone?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Communication Systems
- Two communication systems: Nervous System and Endocrine System
- Nervous System: electrical and chemical signals, reacts quickly (1-10 msec), stops quickly
- Endocrine System: only chemical signals, reacts slowly (seconds to days), effects may continue for weeks
Endocrine System Overview
- Produces and secretes hormones into bloodstream
- Hormones: chemical messengers that stimulate response in another tissue or organ
- Target cells: have receptors for hormones
- Endocrine glands: produce hormones (e.g., thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads)
Pituitary Gland
- Located at base of brain, suspended from hypothalamus
- Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis): arises from hypophyseal pouch
- Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis): arises from brain
- Regulates homeostasis and some endocrine functions
Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal Portal System
- Connection between hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
- Allows for communication and regulation of hormone secretion
Control of Pituitary
- Anterior pituitary controlled by releasing and inhibiting hormones from hypothalamus
- Posterior pituitary controlled by neuroendocrine reflexes (hormone release in response to nervous system signals)
Pituitary Hormones
- Tropic hormones: stimulate other endocrine glands (e.g., FSH, LH, TSH, ACTH)
- PRL: stimulates milk synthesis and secretion
- GH: regulates growth and development
Endocrine Disorders
- Hypoparathyroidism: surgical excision, fatal tetany
- Hyperparathyroidism: excess PTH secretion, tumor in gland, soft bones, kidney stones
- Cushing's syndrome: excess cortisol secretion, hyperglycemia, hypertension, muscle and bone loss
- Diabetes mellitus: insulin deficiency or resistance, polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia
Pancreas
- Both exocrine and endocrine functions
- Islets of Langerhans: produce hormones (insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide)
- Insulin: lowers blood glucose, promotes glycogenesis and lipogenesis
- Glucagon: raises blood glucose, stimulates glycogenolysis and fat catabolism
Endocrine Functions of Other Organs
- Heart: atrial natriuretic peptide
- Skin: helps produce vitamin D3
- Liver: regulates glucose and lipid metabolism, produces IGF-I
- Kidneys: produces erythropoietin, regulates electrolyte balance
- Placenta: produces estrogen, progesterone, and other hormones during pregnancy### Hormone Formation and Synthesis
- Insulin formation: preproinsulin is converted to proinsulin in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, then split into insulin and C peptide in the Golgi complex
- Thyroid hormone synthesis: thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) are synthesized from tyrosine and iodine in the follicular cells of the thyroid gland
Thyroid Hormone Synthesis
- T3 and T4 synthesis: thyroglobulin is synthesized and stored in the lumen, where tyrosine and iodine combine to form T3 and T4
- TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) stimulates the release of T3 and T4 from thyroglobulin into the plasma
Hormone Transport
- Hydrophilic hormones (monoamines and peptides): transported in the bloodstream as free, unbound water-soluble molecules
- Hydrophobic hormones (steroids and thyroid hormones): must bind to transport proteins for transport, which prolongs their half-life and protects them from enzymes and kidney filtration
Communication by the Nervous and Endocrine Systems
- Nervous system: responds quickly (1-10 msec), stops quickly, and has a targeted and specific effect
- Endocrine system: responds slowly (seconds to days), effects persist for weeks, and has a general, widespread effect
Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
- Hypothalamus: regulates homeostasis mechanisms and some endocrine functions, shaped like a flattened funnel
- Pituitary gland: suspended from the hypothalamus, consists of anterior and posterior lobes, and regulates various endocrine functions
Control of Pituitary: Hypothalamic and Cerebral Control
- Anterior lobe control: releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus
- Posterior lobe control: neuroendocrine reflexes, hormone release in response to nervous system signals
Pituitary Hormones
- Anterior pituitary hormones: tropic hormones that target other endocrine glands, including FSH, LH, TSH, ACTH, PRL, and GH
- Posterior pituitary hormones: ADH and oxytocin, produced by the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary
Adrenal Gland
- Adrenal cortex: produces corticosteroids, including mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and sex hormones
- Adrenal medulla: produces catecholamines, including epinephrine and norepinephrine, in response to sympathetic stimulation
Stress and Adaptation
- General adaptation syndrome: the body's response to stress, occurring in three stages (alarm reaction, stage of resistance, and stage of exhaustion)
- Alarm reaction: initial response to stress, characterized by increased epinephrine and norepinephrine levels
- Stage of resistance: adaptation to stress, characterized by increased ACTH and cortisol levels
- Stage of exhaustion: prolonged stress, characterized by depleted energy reserves and protein breakdown
Hormone Interactions
- Synergistic effects: hormones interact to produce a greater effect
- Permissive effects: one hormone enhances the response to another hormone
- Antagonistic effects: hormones interact to produce opposing effects### Endocrine System Overview
- The endocrine system is a network of glands and organs that produce hormones that regulate various bodily functions.
- It includes the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, and gonads.
Cell Communication
- Cell communication involves the exchange of information between cells through various mechanisms, including:
- Gap junctions: pores in cell membranes that allow signaling chemicals to move between cells.
- Neurotransmitters: chemicals released by neurons that travel across gaps to affect target cells.
- Hormones: chemical messengers that travel through the bloodstream to reach target cells.
- Paracrine signaling: local signaling between cells that are in close proximity.
Endocrine System Components
- Endocrine glands:
- Produce hormones that are secreted into the bloodstream.
- Include the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, and gonads.
- Hormones:
- Chemical messengers that stimulate responses in target cells.
- Examples: insulin, growth hormone, thyroid hormone, epinephrine.
- Target cells:
- Have receptors for specific hormones.
- Respond to hormone signals by altering their metabolism or function.
Exocrine vs. Endocrine Glands
- Exocrine glands:
- Secrete products through ducts onto an open surface or organ cavity.
- Examples: salivary glands, sweat glands, pancreas (exocrine function).
- Endocrine glands:
- Secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.
- Examples: pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal glands.
Growth Hormone
- Produced by the anterior pituitary gland.
- Stimulates tissue growth and cell differentiation.
- Regulates metabolism, particularly in childhood and adolescence.
Posterior Pituitary Hormones
- Produced by the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary gland.
- Examples: antidiuretic hormone (ADH), oxytocin.
Pineal Gland
- Produces melatonin, which regulates sleep-wake cycles.
- Peak secretion occurs in childhood and decreases by puberty.
Thyroid Gland
- Produces thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) that regulate metabolic rate.
- Thyroid hormones:
- Increase oxygen consumption and heat production.
- Stimulate heart rate and contraction strength.
- Promote breakdown of CHO, lipids, and proteins.
Parathyroid Glands
- Produce parathyroid hormone (PTH), which regulates calcium levels.
- PTH:
- Increases calcium absorption from the gut.
- Stimulates bone resorption.
- Increases vitamin D production.
Adrenal Gland
- Produces corticosteroids, catecholamines, and androgens.
- Corticosteroids:
- Regulate electrolyte balance and blood pressure.
- Stimulate fat and protein catabolism.
- Catecholamines:
- Increase alertness, anxiety, and fear responses.
- Stimulate glycogenolysis and lipolysis.
Pancreas
- Produces insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide.
- Insulin:
- Lowers blood glucose levels by stimulating glucose uptake and storage.
- Promotes glycogenesis and lipogenesis.
- Glucagon:
- Raises blood glucose levels by stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.
- Inhibits insulin secretion.
Hormone Synthesis
- Steroid hormones: derived from cholesterol.
- Peptide hormones: synthesized through cellular processes involving the rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex.
Stress Response
- Alarm reaction: initial response to stress, characterized by increased epinephrine and norepinephrine levels, heart rate, and blood pressure.
- Stage of resistance: prolonged stress response, characterized by increased cortisol levels, gluconeogenesis, and fat and protein breakdown.
- Stage of exhaustion: severe stress, characterized by depleted energy stores, muscle wasting, and impaired immune function.
Endocrine Disorders
- Hyposecretion: inadequate hormone release, leading to disorders such as diabetes insipidus and hypothyroidism.
- Hypersecretion: excessive hormone release, leading to disorders such as acromegaly and Cushing's syndrome.
- Autoimmune disorders: Graves' disease (thyroid), Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
Diabetes Mellitus
- Type I (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus): autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells, requiring insulin injections.
- Type II (non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus): insulin resistance, often associated with obesity and physical inactivity.
- Symptoms: polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, and hyperglycemia.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Test your knowledge on the endocrine system with a focus on hypothalamus, pituitary gland, hormones, eicosanoids, and endocrine disorders. Explore cell communication mechanisms in both the endocrine and nervous systems as covered in Dr. Joseph Curione's lectures based on McCance-Heuther's chapter 21.
