Endocrine System and Hormone Classification

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following hormones is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland?

  • Oxytocin (correct)
  • Adrenocorticotrophic hormone
  • Antidiuretic hormone (correct)
  • Follicle stimulating hormone
  • Prolactin
  • Thyroid stimulating hormone
  • Growth hormone
  • Luteinising hormone

Increased basal metabolic rate is a sign of excess thyroid hormone.

True (A)

Weight gain is a sign of deficiency of thyroid hormones.

True (A)

Mental slowness and lethargy are signs of excess thyroid hormones.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hair loss is a sign of deficiency of thyroid hormones.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bradycardia is a sign of deficiency of thyroid hormones.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Good appetite is a sign of excess thyroid hormones.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Constipation is sign of deficiency of thyroid hormones.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Exophthalmos is a sign of excess thyroid hormones.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT true of glucocorticoids?

<p>They enhance the immune response. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Secretion of aldosterone is controlled mainly by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism and blood potassium concentration.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the adrenal medulla secrete?

<p>Adrenaline (epinephrine)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Low blood volume stimulates the secretion of renin.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Renin is a hormone made by the liver.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Angiotensin 2 stimulates the adrenal gland to secrete aldosterone.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Aldosterone increases reabsorption of sodium and water by the kidney tubules.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The net effect of aldosterone secretion is an increase in urine output and increased excretion of sodium.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms related to glucose metabolism with their definitions.

<p>Gluconeogenesis = Formation of new glucose from non-sugar molecules Hypoglycaemia = Low blood sugar levels Glycogenolysis = Breakdown of glycogen into glucose Lipolysis = Breakdown of fats Hyperglycaemia = High blood sugar levels Glycogenesis = Formation of glycogen from glucose Lipogenesis = Synthesis and storage of fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

The pineal gland is attached to the roof of the ______ and is connected to it by a short stalk containing nerves that terminate in the ______. It secretes the hormone ______. Secretion of this hormone is controlled by daylight being highest during the night. Its functions may include the coordination of ______ and inhibition of development of the sex organs before puberty. The gland tends to atrophy at puberty.

<p>third ventricle; hypothalamus; melatonin; circadian rhythms</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is histamine?

<p>A bronchoconstrictor; released as part of the inflammatory response</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes serotonin?

<p>Both A and B (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes an endocrine gland?

<p>A higher than normal blood supply</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a general function of the endocrine system?

<p>Conduction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of trophic hormones?

<p>Target other endocrine glands and stimulate their growth and secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones is a steroid?

<p>Cortisol (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What stimulates the release of thyroid hormone?

<p>Another hormone from the anterior pituitary</p> Signup and view all the answers

What directly stimulates the growth of the ovarian follicle?

<p>FSH</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does prolactin affect?

<p>Milk secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the vascular connection between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary gland called?

<p>Pituitary portal system</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the posterior pituitary gland store and release?

<p>Antidiuretic hormone; oxytocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the gland that has both exocrine and endocrine functions?

<p>Pancreas</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the hormones secreted by the pancreatic islets affect?

<p>The body's use of glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of thymosin?

<p>Immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Oestrogen

A lipid-based hormone secreted by the ovaries, responsible for female sexual characteristics and regulation of the menstrual cycle.

Insulin

A peptide hormone produced by the pancreas, responsible for lowering blood glucose levels.

Adrenaline (epinephrine)

A lipid-based hormone produced by the adrenal glands, responsible for the "fight-or-flight" response.

Testosterone

A lipid-based hormone produced by the testes, responsible for male sexual characteristics.

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Glucagon

A peptide hormone produced by the pancreas, responsible for raising blood glucose levels.

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Aldosterone

A lipid-based hormone produced by the adrenal glands, responsible for regulating blood pressure and electrolyte balance.

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Thyroid stimulating hormone

A peptide hormone produced by the anterior pituitary, responsible for stimulating the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones.

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Growth hormone

A peptide hormone produced by the anterior pituitary, responsible for regulating the growth of the body.

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Prolactin

A peptide hormone produced by the anterior pituitary, responsible for stimulating the production of milk by the mammary glands.

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Follicle stimulating hormone

A peptide hormone produced by the anterior pituitary, responsible for stimulating the production of sperm in males and the development of follicles in females.

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Luteinizing hormone

A peptide hormone produced by the anterior pituitary, responsible for stimulating the production of testosterone in males and ovulation in females.

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Antidiuretic hormone

A peptide hormone produced by the posterior pituitary, responsible for regulating water balance by increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys reducing urine output.

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Oxytocin

A peptide hormone produced by the posterior pituitary, responsible for stimulating uterine contractions during labor and milk ejection.

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Noradrenaline (norepinephrine)

A peptide hormone produced by the adrenal medulla, responsible for the "fight-or-flight" response.

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Thymosin

A hormone produced by the thymus gland, responsible for the development and maturation of immune cells.

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Hyperglycaemia

An increase in blood sugar levels, also referred to as hyperglycemia.

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Hypoglycaemia

A decrease in blood sugar levels, also referred to as hypoglycemia.

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Glycogenesis

The process of synthesizing glycogen from glucose.

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Glycogenolysis

The process of breaking down glycogen into glucose.

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Lipogenesis

The process of synthesizing fatty acids and storing them as fat.

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Lipolysis

The process of breaking down fats into fatty acids and glycerol.

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Gluconeogenesis

The process of synthesizing new glucose from non-sugar molecules.

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Melatonin

A hormone produced by the pineal gland, responsible for regulating the sleep-wake cycle.

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Hypothalamus-pituitary portal system

The interconnected network of blood vessels that connects the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland.

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Cortisol

A hormone produced by the adrenal gland, responsible for regulating stress response.

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Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)

The enzyme that converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II.

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Renin

The hormone produced by the kidney, responsible for regulating blood pressure.

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Aldosterone

A hormone produced by the adrenal gland responsible for regulating electrolyte balance and blood pressure.

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Histamine

A chemical messenger released in response to inflammation and allergies.

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Melatonin

A hormone produced by the pineal gland, responsible for regulating the sleep-wake cycle.

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Study Notes

Endocrine System Glands

  • Pineal body
  • Pituitary gland
  • Thyroid gland
  • Parathyroid glands
  • Thymus gland
  • Adrenal glands
  • Pancreatic islets (of Langerhans)
  • Ovaries (female)
  • Testes (male)

Hormone Classification

  • Lipid-based: Oestrogen, Testosterone, Progesterone, Cortisol, Aldosterone , Thyroxine
  • Peptide: Insulin, Adrenaline (epinephrine), Noradrenaline (norepinephrine), Glucagon

Endocrine Hormone Location

  • Anterior Pituitary: Prolactin, Thyroid stimulating hormone, Luteinising hormone, Growth hormone, Adrenocorticotrophic hormone, Follicle stimulating hormone
  • Posterior Pituitary: Antidiuretic hormone, Oxytocin

Thyroid Hormone Effects

  • Excess: Increased basal metabolic rate, weight loss, mental quickness, hair growth, Tachycardia, good appetite, diarrhea, and exopthalmos
  • Deficiency: Weight gain, mental slowness, lethargy, hair loss, bradycardia, good appetite, constipation, and edema

Parathyroid Glands

  • Located behind the thyroid gland
  • Two pairs of superior and inferior parathyroid glands

Glucocorticoids

  • Not part of the immune response

Mineralocorticoids

  • Regulate sodium, potassium, and hydrogen balance

Adrenal Medulla

  • Secretes adrenaline (epinephrine)

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System

  • Low blood volume stimulates renin secretion
  • Renin converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II
  • Angiotensin II stimulates aldosterone secretion from the adrenal glands
  • Aldosterone increases reabsorption of sodium and water in the kidneys
  • Net effect: increased water retention, reduced urine output, and increased sodium retention

Metabolic Processes

  • Gluconeogenesis: Formation of new glucose from non-sugar molecules
  • Hypoglycemia: Low blood sugar levels
  • Glycogenolysis: Breakdown of glycogen into glucose
  • Lipolysis: Breakdown of fats
  • Hyperglycemia: High blood sugar levels
  • Glycogenesis: Formation of glycogen from glucose
  • Lipogenesis: Synthesis and storage of fatty acids

Pineal Gland

  • Located in the brain
  • Secretes melatonin
  • Controlled by daylight
  • Functions may include: coordination of circadian rhythms, inhibition of sex organ development pre-puberty, and gland atrophy at puberty

Histamine

  • Bronchoconstrictor

Serotonin

  • Hormone
  • Present in platelets

Endocrine Glands General Function

  • Not conduction

General Endocrine Gland Function

  • Have a higher than normal blood supply

Trophic Hormones

  • Target other endocrine glands, stimulating their growth and secretion

Hormone Types

  • Steroid
  • Cortisol

Thyroid Hormone Release

  • Stimulated by another hormone from the anterior pituitary

Ovarian Follicle Growth

  • Result of FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone)

Prolactin Effect

  • Milk secretion

Hypothalamus-Anterior Pituitary Connection

  • Pituitary portal system

Posterior Pituitary Hormones

  • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin

Pancreas Function

  • Exocrine and endocrine functions

Pancreatic Islet Hormone Effect

  • Affect glucose usage

Thymosin Role

  • Immunity

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