Endocrine Physiology Lecture 11: Glucose Homeostasis II

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What stimulates the secretion of glucagon?

Insulin

Somatostatin

Hyperglycemia

Hypoglycemia (correct)

What is the effect of high concentrations of glucagon on the heart?

Chronotropic effect

Negative inotropic effect

Positive inotropic effect (correct)

No effect

What is the effect of glucagon on glycogen in the liver?

No effect

Increases glycogen storage

Stimulates glycogen synthesis

Breaks down glycogen to increase glucose levels (correct)

Why does a protein meal stimulate the secretion of both insulin and glucagon?

To prevent hypoglycemia and allow amino acids to enter cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of glucagon on lipolysis and ketone formation?

Increases lipolysis and ketone formation Signup and view all the answers

What hormones may be involved in the glucagon response to oral administration of amino acids?

CCK and gastrin Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of Type 1 diabetes?

Destruction of the β-cells of the islets of Langerhans Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical age of onset for Type 1 diabetes?

Teenage years Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason for normal plasma potassium levels in diabetic patients despite total body potassium deficiency?

Potassium moves from cells to extracellular fluid when H+ concentration is high Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of insulin resistance?

Unclear, with multiple factors contributing Signup and view all the answers

What is a long-term consequence of uncontrolled diabetes?

End-stage kidney disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of β-cell destruction in Type 1 diabetes?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of type 1 diabetes mellitus?

Requires insulin injection for treatment Signup and view all the answers

What is a common complication of uncontrolled diabetes?

Heart attack and stroke Signup and view all the answers

What is the most important risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus?

Obesity Signup and view all the answers

What is released by intra-abdominal 'central' adipose tissue that competes with glucose as a fuel supply?

Free fatty acids Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of somatostatin?

To inhibit the secretion of both insulin and glucagon Signup and view all the answers

What type of amino acids are particularly stimulatory to glucagon secretion?

Glucogenic amino acids Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of metabolic syndrome?

Fasting hyperglycemia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a complication of type 1 diabetes mellitus?

Impaired cardiovascular reflexes Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of hyperglycemia on glucagon secretion?

It inhibits glucagon secretion Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of insulin deficiency in diabetes mellitus?

Increased blood glucose concentration and decreased cell utilization of glucose Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of glucagon on glucose metabolism?

It decreases glucose uptake in cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of type 1 diabetes mellitus?

Insulin deficiency Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of inactivity on glucose metabolism?

Down-regulation of insulin-sensitive kinases Signup and view all the answers