Endocrine Physiology Lecture 11: Glucose Homeostasis II
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Questions and Answers

What stimulates the secretion of glucagon?

  • Insulin
  • Somatostatin
  • Hyperglycemia
  • Hypoglycemia (correct)

    • What is the effect of high concentrations of glucagon on the heart?

  • Chronotropic effect
  • Negative inotropic effect
  • Positive inotropic effect (correct)
  • No effect

    • What is the effect of glucagon on glycogen in the liver?

  • No effect
  • Increases glycogen storage
  • Stimulates glycogen synthesis
  • Breaks down glycogen to increase glucose levels (correct)

    • Why does a protein meal stimulate the secretion of both insulin and glucagon?

    <p>To prevent hypoglycemia and allow amino acids to enter cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of glucagon on lipolysis and ketone formation?

    <p>Increases lipolysis and ketone formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormones may be involved in the glucagon response to oral administration of amino acids?

    <p>CCK and gastrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of Type 1 diabetes?

    <p>Destruction of the β-cells of the islets of Langerhans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical age of onset for Type 1 diabetes?

    <p>Teenage years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason for normal plasma potassium levels in diabetic patients despite total body potassium deficiency?

    <p>Potassium moves from cells to extracellular fluid when H+ concentration is high</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of insulin resistance?

    <p>Unclear, with multiple factors contributing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a long-term consequence of uncontrolled diabetes?

    <p>End-stage kidney disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of β-cell destruction in Type 1 diabetes?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of type 1 diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Requires insulin injection for treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common complication of uncontrolled diabetes?

    <p>Heart attack and stroke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most important risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Obesity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is released by intra-abdominal 'central' adipose tissue that competes with glucose as a fuel supply?

    <p>Free fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of somatostatin?

    <p>To inhibit the secretion of both insulin and glucagon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of amino acids are particularly stimulatory to glucagon secretion?

    <p>Glucogenic amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of metabolic syndrome?

    <p>Fasting hyperglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a complication of type 1 diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Impaired cardiovascular reflexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of hyperglycemia on glucagon secretion?

    <p>It inhibits glucagon secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of insulin deficiency in diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Increased blood glucose concentration and decreased cell utilization of glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of glucagon on glucose metabolism?

    <p>It decreases glucose uptake in cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of type 1 diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Insulin deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of inactivity on glucose metabolism?

    <p>Down-regulation of insulin-sensitive kinases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a cause of insulin resistance?

    <p>Excess glucocorticoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is associated with lipid accumulation in the liver?

    <p>Lipodystrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of insulin resistance in sedentary people?

    <p>Increased insulin resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is associated with autoantibodies to the insulin receptor?

    <p>Insulin resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

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