Questions and Answers
What is the primary mechanism of action by which insulin decreases potassium levels in the body?
Why is it necessary to co-administer glucose when using IV insulin to treat hyperkalemia?
Which type of insulin has a cloudy appearance due to the presence of protamine?
What is the primary reason why insulin cannot be administered orally?
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What is the concentration of U-100 insulin?
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What is the primary reason why Glargine (Lantus) insulin should not be frozen?
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Which type of insulin is typically used in insulin pumps?
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What is the primary guideline for healthcare professionals when prescribing medications to the elderly?
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What is the purpose of sliding scale insulin?
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Which of the following insulin types is contraindicated in patients with renal impairment?
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What is the mechanism of action of sulfonylureas?
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What is the suffix for Meglitinides?
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What is the main difference between Humulin R and Humulin N?
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What is the primary effect of SGLT2 inhibitors?
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What is the primary mechanism of action of GLP-1 agonists?
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What is the primary side effect of DPP-4 inhibitors?
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What is the main difference between GLP-1 agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors?
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Which of the following medications is often used when diabetes treatment has been ineffective?
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What is the mechanism of action of Metiglinides?
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What is the normal function of the SGLT2 receptor in the proximal convoluted tubules?
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What is the effect of GLP-1 on gastric emptying?
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What is the effect of DPP-4 inhibitors on glucagon release?
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What is the threshold for glucose excretion in the urine?
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What is a common side effect of SGLT2 inhibitors?
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What is the mechanism of action of GLP-1 receptor agonists?
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What is a rare but serious side effect of SGLT2 inhibitors?
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What is the result of rapid drops in potassium levels?
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What is the effect of insulin on the sodium potassium pump?
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What is the purpose of mixing clear and cloudy insulin?
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What is the concentration of insulin denoted by '100 units/mL'?
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What is the normal range of blood glucose levels?
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What is the purpose of sliding scale insulin?
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What is the action of metformin?
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What is the action of pioglitazone?
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What is the common side effect of sulfonylureas?
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What is the mechanism of action of glitazones?
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What is the typical range of hemoglobin A1C for a diabetic patient?
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Which type of insulin is often used in critical care settings due to its rapid onset and short duration of action?
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What is the primary reason why insulin cannot be administered orally?
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What is the typical action taken when a patient's glucose level is greater than 400?
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What is the primary reason why potassium levels should be monitored when administering IV insulin?
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What is the typical concentration of U-100 insulin?
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What is the primary reason why NPH insulin cannot be mixed with other insulin types?
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What is the primary guideline for healthcare professionals when prescribing medications to the elderly?
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What is the primary mechanism of action of thiazolidenediones?
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Which of the following insulin types is associated with the highest risk of hypoglycemia?
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What is the primary mechanism of action of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors?
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Which of the following medications is contraindicated in patients with renal impairment?
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What is the primary mechanism of action of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonists?
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What is the primary side effect of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors?
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What is the primary mechanism of action of sulfonylureas?
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Which of the following medications is associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular events?
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What is the primary mechanism of action of meglitinides?
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Which of the following medications is often used when diabetes treatment has been ineffective?
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What is the primary reason for rapid drops in potassium levels when using insulin?
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What is the purpose of administering glucose with IV insulin to treat hyperkalemia?
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What is the primary difference between Humulin R and Humulin N?
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What is the primary mechanism of action of Amylin mimetics?
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What is the primary side effect of sulfonylureas?
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What is the purpose of Beers criteria?
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What is the primary mechanism of action of glitazones?
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What is the primary effect of SGLT2 inhibitors?
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What is the primary mechanism of action of metformin?
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What is the primary reason for storing insulin in the refrigerator?
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What is the effect of blocking potassium channels on insulin release?
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What is the primary mechanism of action of SGLT2 inhibitors?
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What is the effect of GLP-1 on gastric emptying?
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What is the primary side effect of SGLT2 inhibitors?
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What is the mechanism of action of DPP-4 inhibitors?
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What is the primary difference between GLP-1 agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors?
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What is the threshold for glucose excretion in the urine?
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What is a rare but serious side effect of SGLT2 inhibitors?
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Study Notes
Endocrine Pharmacology
Blood Glucose Levels
- Normal hemoglobin A1C: < 5.6%
- Prediabetic hemoglobin A1C: 5.7-6.4%
- Diabetic A1C: 6.5% and above
- Normal fasting blood glucose: 80-100 mg/dL
- Prediabetic fasting blood glucose: 100-125 mg/dL
- Diabetic fasting blood glucose: 126 mg/dL and above
Insulin
- A1C aim for diabetics: < 7.0%
- Short-duration/fast-acting insulin: Lispro, Aspart, Glulisine
- Insulin and glucagon are released from beta cells and alpha cells of the pancreas, respectively
- Glucagon is used in emergency situations to treat severe hypoglycemia
- Insulin cannot be taken orally due to enzymatic degradation
- Long-duration insulin: Glargine, Detemir
- NPH insulin: intermediate-acting, cloudy appearance
- Regular insulin: can be given both subQ and IV
- IV insulin is used to treat diabetic ketoacidosis and perioperative care
Potassium Levels and Insulin
- When insulin is administered, potassium levels may drop due to increased cellular uptake
- Normal potassium levels: 3.5-5.2 mEq/L
- Insulin increases the activity of the sodium-potassium pump, leading to decreased potassium levels
Insulin Administration
- Rapid-acting insulin: Lispro, Aspart, Glulisine (used in insulin pumps)
- Sliding scale insulin: used as a dosing guide for insulin, addressing hyperglycemia after it occurs
- Common sites for insulin administration: abdomen, back, thighs, love handles, etc.
Other Diabetes Medications
- Metformin: biguanide, reduces liver glucose production, increases insulin receptor sensitivity
- Thiazolidinediones: suffix -glitazone, lowers glucose production in the liver, alters gene transcription
- Sulfonylureas: suffix -ide, promote insulin release from the beta cells of the pancreas
- Meglitinides: suffix -glinide, binds to an allosteric site on the potassium channel, increasing insulin release
- SGLT2 inhibitors: suffix -Flozin, blocks glucose reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubules, leading to increased glucose excretion in the urine
- GLP-1 agonists: suffix -tide, natural substance released after carb ingestion, promotes insulin release and inhibits glucagon release
- DPP-4 inhibitors: suffix -gliptin, inhibits the breakdown of incretin, leading to increased insulin release and decreased blood sugar levels
Endocrine Pharmacology
Blood Glucose Levels
- Normal hemoglobin A1C: < 5.6%
- Prediabetic hemoglobin A1C: 5.7-6.4%
- Diabetic A1C: 6.5% and above
- Normal fasting blood glucose: 80-100 mg/dL
- Prediabetic fasting blood glucose: 100-125 mg/dL
- Diabetic fasting blood glucose: 126 mg/dL and above
Insulin
- A1C aim for diabetics: < 7.0%
- Short-duration/fast-acting insulin: Lispro, Aspart, Glulisine
- Insulin and glucagon are released from beta cells and alpha cells of the pancreas, respectively
- Glucagon is used in emergency situations to treat severe hypoglycemia
- Insulin cannot be taken orally due to enzymatic degradation
- Long-duration insulin: Glargine, Detemir
- NPH insulin: intermediate-acting, cloudy appearance
- Regular insulin: can be given both subQ and IV
- IV insulin is used to treat diabetic ketoacidosis and perioperative care
Potassium Levels and Insulin
- When insulin is administered, potassium levels may drop due to increased cellular uptake
- Normal potassium levels: 3.5-5.2 mEq/L
- Insulin increases the activity of the sodium-potassium pump, leading to decreased potassium levels
Insulin Administration
- Rapid-acting insulin: Lispro, Aspart, Glulisine (used in insulin pumps)
- Sliding scale insulin: used as a dosing guide for insulin, addressing hyperglycemia after it occurs
- Common sites for insulin administration: abdomen, back, thighs, love handles, etc.
Other Diabetes Medications
- Metformin: biguanide, reduces liver glucose production, increases insulin receptor sensitivity
- Thiazolidinediones: suffix -glitazone, lowers glucose production in the liver, alters gene transcription
- Sulfonylureas: suffix -ide, promote insulin release from the beta cells of the pancreas
- Meglitinides: suffix -glinide, binds to an allosteric site on the potassium channel, increasing insulin release
- SGLT2 inhibitors: suffix -Flozin, blocks glucose reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubules, leading to increased glucose excretion in the urine
- GLP-1 agonists: suffix -tide, natural substance released after carb ingestion, promotes insulin release and inhibits glucagon release
- DPP-4 inhibitors: suffix -gliptin, inhibits the breakdown of incretin, leading to increased insulin release and decreased blood sugar levels
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Description
This quiz covers the normal and abnormal levels of blood glucose, hemoglobin A1C, and the types of insulin used to manage diabetic conditions.