Endocrine sytem quiz 1
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Questions and Answers

Which organ produces secretin?

  • Liver
  • Gut (correct)
  • Skin
  • Kidneys

    • Which organ is responsible for producing insulin-like growth factor one?

  • Liver (correct)
  • Skin
  • Gut
  • Vascular endothelium

    • Which organ is involved in the production of vitamin D, which is considered a hormone?

  • Vascular endothelium
  • Skin (correct)
  • Adipose tissue
  • Kidneys

    • Which organ is responsible for producing erythropoietin?

    <p>Kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ produces hormones based on catecholamines like adrenaline and noradrenaline?

    <p>Adrenal gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ is responsible for producing melatonin?

    <p>Pineal gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hormones are derived from fatty acids and include prostaglandins?

    <p>Corticosteroids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hormones include cortisol, estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone?

    <p>Steroid hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ is responsible for producing hormones like renin that are important in the regulation of blood pressure?

    <p>Kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ is responsible for producing hormones that control pancreatic exocrine secretion?

    <p>Gut</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ is responsible for producing hormones that have important functions in relation to digestion and metabolism?

    <p>Gut</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hormone works within seconds or minutes?

    <p>Peptide hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of adrenaline binding to the adrenaline receptor?

    <p>Activation of a G protein inside the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone acts on receptors inside the cell?

    <p>Thyroid hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of G protein coupled receptors?

    <p>Activating an enzyme to generate cyclic AMP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure of the insulin receptor?

    <p>Heterodimeric with two alpha chains and two beta chains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of cytokines involved in immune function?

    <p>They cause a conformational change that triggers phosphorylation of intracellular proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone requires internalization to access its receptor?

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the action of nitric oxide as a hormone?

    <p>It can be considered a hormone with fast action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hormone binds to extracellular ion channels?

    <p>Neurotransmitters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the activation of G protein coupled receptors?

    <p>Conversion of ATP to cyclic AMP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when receptors are broken down within lysosomes?

    <p>Cycling of receptors and biological feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the insulin receptor inside the cell?

    <p>Auto phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates the release of insulin from the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans?

    <p>High blood glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of insulin in the liver?

    <p>Suppresses gluconeogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of insulin on muscle tissue?

    <p>Promotes uptake of branched-chain amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens in the absence of insulin in the liver?

    <p>Uncontrolled gluconeogenesis from lactate and amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What alternative fuel do tissues use in the absence of insulin?

    <p>Fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormones are secreted from the intestine upon ingestion of glucose to stimulate insulin secretion?

    <p>Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does insulin have on the uptake of glucose into adipose tissue?

    <p>Provides glycerol 3-phosphate for the synthesis of triglycerides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary stimulus for insulin secretion?

    <p>High blood glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of insulin on the synthesis of fatty acids?

    <p>Accelerates synthesis of fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of the inability of tissues to use glucose in the absence of insulin?

    <p>Blood glucose level will be higher</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary stimulus for insulin secretion?

    <p>Ingestion of glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of the inability of tissues to use glucose in the absence of insulin?

    <p>Tissues use alternative fuels such as fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of insulin in the liver?

    <p>Accelerates glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates the release of insulin from the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans?

    <p>High blood glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of insulin on muscle tissue?

    <p>Stimulates protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What alternative fuel do tissues use in the absence of insulin?

    <p>Fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens in the absence of insulin in the liver?

    <p>New gluconeogenesis from lactate and amino acids is uncontrolled</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of insulin on the uptake of glucose into adipose tissue?

    <p>Promotes uptake of glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the action of nitric oxide as a hormone?

    <p>Inhibits insulin secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of cytokines involved in immune function?

    <p>Inhibit insulin secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range for blood sugar levels?

    <p>Between 3.5 and 6 or 7 millimoles per litre</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the consequences of low blood sugar levels?

    <p>Increased heart rate and sweating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is released when blood sugar is low?

    <p>Glucagon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the active form of thyroid hormone?

    <p>T3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of retinoic acid in thyroid hormone function?

    <p>It acts as a cofactor for thyroid hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the effects of thyroid hormone?

    <p>Enhanced response to catecholamines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can too much insulin cause?

    <p>Low blood sugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormones work inside the cells?

    <p>Thyroid hormones and retinoic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of the brain being starved of glucose?

    <p>Confusion and coma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relatively weak hormone produced by the thyroid gland?

    <p>Thyroxine (T4)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone has a negative feedback effect on the production of TRH from the hypothalamus and TSH from the pituitary?

    <p>Triiodothyronine (T3)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the hormone that activates cells in the anterior pituitary to produce thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)?

    <p>Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone circulates from the pituitary gland into the bloodstream to stimulate the production and release of thyroxine from the thyroid gland?

    <p>Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone feeds back onto the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus to have a negative feedback effect?

    <p>Triiodothyronine (T3)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the hormone that inhibits the production of TRH from the hypothalamus and TSH from the pituitary?

    <p>Triiodothyronine (T3)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates cells in the anterior pituitary to produce thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)?

    <p>Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone activates cells in the anterior pituitary to produce thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)?

    <p>Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone has its effects on the body like increasing the sensitivity to hormones like catecholamines and speeding up metabolic rate?

    <p>Triiodothyronine (T3)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is a relatively weak hormone compared to T3, the active form of thyroid hormone?

    <p>Thyroxine (T4)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary precursor for the production of steroid hormones?

    <p>Pregnenolone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme is necessary for the production of the mineralocorticoid aldosterone?

    <p>Aldosterone synthase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what time of day do cortisol levels tend to be the lowest?

    <p>Midnight or early hours of the morning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the case of thyrotoxicosis, what is the typical level of TSH?

    <p>Low</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From what molecule is pregnenolone derived?

    <p>Cholesterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones is produced by the adrenal gland?

    <p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does excess production of thyroxine have on TSH levels?

    <p>Decreases TSH levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the symptoms of thyrotoxicosis?

    <p>Heat intolerance, tremor, weight loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the enlargement of the thyroid gland in thyrotoxicosis?

    <p>Excess production of thyroxine due to autoimmune activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the consequences of hypothyroidism?

    <p>Dry skin, feeling cold, slow reflexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between T3, T4, and TSH levels in hypothyroidism?

    <p>T3 and T4 are low, TSH is high</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does thyrotoxicosis affect the eyes?

    <p>Damages the muscles behind the eye and causes inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of hypothyroidism on metabolism?

    <p>Metabolism slows down</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of fast heart rate and palpitations in thyrotoxicosis?

    <p>Autoimmune activation of the thyroid leading to excess thyroxine production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is responsible for the development of the endometrium, allowing implantation of a fertilized egg?

    <p>Progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is secreted by ghrelinergic cells in the stomach in response to an empty stomach?

    <p>Ghrelin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of glucagon-like peptide one (GLP-1)?

    <p>Stimulate insulin production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone triggers ovulation by surging after a positive feedback loop?

    <p>Luteinizing hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is controlled largely by the pituitary gland and is involved in the menstrual cycle?

    <p>Luteinizing hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for increasing appetite, decreasing thermogenesis, and increasing insulin production?

    <p>Ghrelin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is released into the bloodstream when you eat and stimulates the production of insulin?

    <p>GLP-1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone drives our circadian rhythms by being produced in the pineal gland?

    <p>Melatonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is involved in the development of a follicle and eventually results in a positive feedback loop, leading to ovulation?

    <p>Estrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is secreted by the corpus luteum after ovulation and is responsible for the development of the endometrium?

    <p>Progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of Cushing's syndrome?

    <p>Excessive production of ACTH from the pituitary gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the typical symptoms of Addison’s Disease?

    <p>Fatigue, dizziness, and back pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is Addison's Disease treated?

    <p>With corticosteroid replacement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes excessive pigmentation of the skin in Addison's Disease?

    <p>Excessive production of alpha MSH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone controls the ACTH adrenal corticotropin hormone cells in the anterior pituitary?

    <p>Thyroxine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of excessive production of ACTH in Cushing's syndrome?

    <p>Weakness, thinning of the skin, and bone fractures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of aldosterone in Addison's Disease?

    <p>It regulates blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of excessive cortisol production in Cushing's syndrome?

    <p>Obesity and diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of excessive production of alpha MSH in Addison's Disease?

    <p>Excessive production of ACTH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site of GLP-1 production in the body?

    <p>Jejunum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of GLP-1 in glucose regulation?

    <p>Increases insulin secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system?

    <p>Coordinates both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the pituitary gland located?

    <p>In its own little case</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone does the pituitary gland synthesize?

    <p>Prolactin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus?

    <p>Pituitary stalk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the nuclei in the hypothalamus?

    <p>Thermoregulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does congenital leptin deficiency lead to?

    <p>Increase in food intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of prolactin?

    <p>Producing milk in mammary glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which embryonic origins are very different for the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary gland?

    <p>They have different origins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the GLP-1 hormone in the body?

    <p>Regulates glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the pituitary stalk (infundibulum)?

    <p>Connection between the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

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