Endocrine sytem quiz 1

Which organ produces secretin?

Gut

Which organ is responsible for producing insulin-like growth factor one?

Liver

Which organ is involved in the production of vitamin D, which is considered a hormone?

Skin

Which organ is responsible for producing erythropoietin?

Kidneys Signup and view all the answers

Which organ produces hormones based on catecholamines like adrenaline and noradrenaline?

Adrenal gland Signup and view all the answers

Which organ is responsible for producing melatonin?

Pineal gland Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hormones are derived from fatty acids and include prostaglandins?

Corticosteroids Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hormones include cortisol, estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone?

Steroid hormones Signup and view all the answers

Which organ is responsible for producing hormones like renin that are important in the regulation of blood pressure?

Kidneys Signup and view all the answers

Which organ is responsible for producing hormones that control pancreatic exocrine secretion?

Gut Signup and view all the answers

Which organ is responsible for producing hormones that have important functions in relation to digestion and metabolism?

Gut Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hormone works within seconds or minutes?

Peptide hormones Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of adrenaline binding to the adrenaline receptor?

Activation of a G protein inside the cell Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone acts on receptors inside the cell?

Thyroid hormone Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of G protein coupled receptors?

Activating an enzyme to generate cyclic AMP Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure of the insulin receptor?

Heterodimeric with two alpha chains and two beta chains Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of cytokines involved in immune function?

They cause a conformational change that triggers phosphorylation of intracellular proteins Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone requires internalization to access its receptor?

Insulin Signup and view all the answers

What is the action of nitric oxide as a hormone?

It can be considered a hormone with fast action Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hormone binds to extracellular ion channels?

Neurotransmitters Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the activation of G protein coupled receptors?

Conversion of ATP to cyclic AMP Signup and view all the answers

What happens when receptors are broken down within lysosomes?

Cycling of receptors and biological feedback Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the insulin receptor inside the cell?

Auto phosphorylation Signup and view all the answers

What stimulates the release of insulin from the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans?

High blood glucose Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of insulin in the liver?

Suppresses gluconeogenesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of insulin on muscle tissue?

Promotes uptake of branched-chain amino acids Signup and view all the answers

What happens in the absence of insulin in the liver?

Uncontrolled gluconeogenesis from lactate and amino acids Signup and view all the answers

What alternative fuel do tissues use in the absence of insulin?

Fatty acids Signup and view all the answers

Which hormones are secreted from the intestine upon ingestion of glucose to stimulate insulin secretion?

Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) Signup and view all the answers

What effect does insulin have on the uptake of glucose into adipose tissue?

Provides glycerol 3-phosphate for the synthesis of triglycerides Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary stimulus for insulin secretion?

High blood glucose Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of insulin on the synthesis of fatty acids?

Accelerates synthesis of fatty acids Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of the inability of tissues to use glucose in the absence of insulin?

Blood glucose level will be higher Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary stimulus for insulin secretion?

Ingestion of glucose Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of the inability of tissues to use glucose in the absence of insulin?

Tissues use alternative fuels such as fatty acids Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of insulin in the liver?

Accelerates glycolysis Signup and view all the answers

What stimulates the release of insulin from the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans?

High blood glucose Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of insulin on muscle tissue?

Stimulates protein synthesis Signup and view all the answers

What alternative fuel do tissues use in the absence of insulin?

Fatty acids Signup and view all the answers

What happens in the absence of insulin in the liver?

New gluconeogenesis from lactate and amino acids is uncontrolled Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of insulin on the uptake of glucose into adipose tissue?

Promotes uptake of glucose Signup and view all the answers

What is the action of nitric oxide as a hormone?

Inhibits insulin secretion Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of cytokines involved in immune function?

Inhibit insulin secretion Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for blood sugar levels?

Between 3.5 and 6 or 7 millimoles per litre Signup and view all the answers

What are the consequences of low blood sugar levels?

Increased heart rate and sweating Signup and view all the answers

What hormone is released when blood sugar is low?

Glucagon Signup and view all the answers

What is the active form of thyroid hormone?

T3 Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of retinoic acid in thyroid hormone function?

It acts as a cofactor for thyroid hormone Signup and view all the answers

What are the effects of thyroid hormone?

Enhanced response to catecholamines Signup and view all the answers

What can too much insulin cause?

Low blood sugar Signup and view all the answers

Which hormones work inside the cells?

Thyroid hormones and retinoic acid Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of the brain being starved of glucose?

Confusion and coma Signup and view all the answers

What is the relatively weak hormone produced by the thyroid gland?

Thyroxine (T4) Signup and view all the answers

What hormone has a negative feedback effect on the production of TRH from the hypothalamus and TSH from the pituitary?

Triiodothyronine (T3) Signup and view all the answers

What is the hormone that activates cells in the anterior pituitary to produce thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)?

Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) Signup and view all the answers

What hormone circulates from the pituitary gland into the bloodstream to stimulate the production and release of thyroxine from the thyroid gland?

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) Signup and view all the answers

What hormone feeds back onto the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus to have a negative feedback effect?

Triiodothyronine (T3) Signup and view all the answers

What is the hormone that inhibits the production of TRH from the hypothalamus and TSH from the pituitary?

Triiodothyronine (T3) Signup and view all the answers

What stimulates cells in the anterior pituitary to produce thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)?

Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) Signup and view all the answers

What hormone activates cells in the anterior pituitary to produce thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)?

Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) Signup and view all the answers

What hormone has its effects on the body like increasing the sensitivity to hormones like catecholamines and speeding up metabolic rate?

Triiodothyronine (T3) Signup and view all the answers

What hormone is a relatively weak hormone compared to T3, the active form of thyroid hormone?

Thyroxine (T4) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary precursor for the production of steroid hormones?

Pregnenolone Signup and view all the answers

What enzyme is necessary for the production of the mineralocorticoid aldosterone?

Aldosterone synthase Signup and view all the answers

At what time of day do cortisol levels tend to be the lowest?

Midnight or early hours of the morning Signup and view all the answers

In the case of thyrotoxicosis, what is the typical level of TSH?

Low Signup and view all the answers

From what molecule is pregnenolone derived?

Cholesterol Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones is produced by the adrenal gland?

Aldosterone Signup and view all the answers

What effect does excess production of thyroxine have on TSH levels?

Decreases TSH levels Signup and view all the answers

What are the symptoms of thyrotoxicosis?

Heat intolerance, tremor, weight loss Signup and view all the answers

What causes the enlargement of the thyroid gland in thyrotoxicosis?

Excess production of thyroxine due to autoimmune activation Signup and view all the answers

What are the consequences of hypothyroidism?

Dry skin, feeling cold, slow reflexes Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between T3, T4, and TSH levels in hypothyroidism?

T3 and T4 are low, TSH is high Signup and view all the answers

How does thyrotoxicosis affect the eyes?

Damages the muscles behind the eye and causes inflammation Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of hypothyroidism on metabolism?

Metabolism slows down Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of fast heart rate and palpitations in thyrotoxicosis?

Autoimmune activation of the thyroid leading to excess thyroxine production Signup and view all the answers

What hormone is responsible for the development of the endometrium, allowing implantation of a fertilized egg?

Progesterone Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is secreted by ghrelinergic cells in the stomach in response to an empty stomach?

Ghrelin Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of glucagon-like peptide one (GLP-1)?

Stimulate insulin production Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone triggers ovulation by surging after a positive feedback loop?

Luteinizing hormone Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is controlled largely by the pituitary gland and is involved in the menstrual cycle?

Luteinizing hormone Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is responsible for increasing appetite, decreasing thermogenesis, and increasing insulin production?

Ghrelin Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is released into the bloodstream when you eat and stimulates the production of insulin?

GLP-1 Signup and view all the answers

What hormone drives our circadian rhythms by being produced in the pineal gland?

Melatonin Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is involved in the development of a follicle and eventually results in a positive feedback loop, leading to ovulation?

Estrogen Signup and view all the answers

What hormone is secreted by the corpus luteum after ovulation and is responsible for the development of the endometrium?

Progesterone Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of Cushing's syndrome?

Excessive production of ACTH from the pituitary gland Signup and view all the answers

What are the typical symptoms of Addison’s Disease?

Fatigue, dizziness, and back pain Signup and view all the answers

How is Addison's Disease treated?

With corticosteroid replacement Signup and view all the answers

What causes excessive pigmentation of the skin in Addison's Disease?

Excessive production of alpha MSH Signup and view all the answers

What hormone controls the ACTH adrenal corticotropin hormone cells in the anterior pituitary?

Thyroxine Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of excessive production of ACTH in Cushing's syndrome?

Weakness, thinning of the skin, and bone fractures Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of aldosterone in Addison's Disease?

It regulates blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of excessive cortisol production in Cushing's syndrome?

Obesity and diabetes Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of excessive production of alpha MSH in Addison's Disease?

Excessive production of ACTH Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary site of GLP-1 production in the body?

Jejunum Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of GLP-1 in glucose regulation?

Increases insulin secretion Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system?

Coordinates both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems Signup and view all the answers

Where is the pituitary gland located?

In its own little case Signup and view all the answers

What hormone does the pituitary gland synthesize?

Prolactin Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus?

Pituitary stalk Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the nuclei in the hypothalamus?

Thermoregulation Signup and view all the answers

What does congenital leptin deficiency lead to?

Increase in food intake Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of prolactin?

Producing milk in mammary glands Signup and view all the answers

Which embryonic origins are very different for the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary gland?

They have different origins Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the GLP-1 hormone in the body?

Regulates glucose levels Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the pituitary stalk (infundibulum)?

Connection between the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus Signup and view all the answers