32 Questions
Which category of classic hormones includes catecholamines, thyroid hormones, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes?
Amino acid- and arachidonic acid-derivatives
Where are the granules typically located in cells that produce small peptides, polypeptides, and proteins?
Basal, near a capillary
What is the distinctive feature of the mitochondria in cells that secrete steroids?
Tubular-shaped cristae
Why do most hormones, even water-soluble ones, require carrier proteins during transport in the blood?
To maintain their stability in the blood
What happens to hormones bound to carrier proteins in the blood?
They are usually not biologically active
What should lab tests measure to determine the biologically active form of hormones?
Free non-carrier-bound hormone levels
What is the main function of calcitonin in the thyroid gland?
Suppress the action of osteoclasts
What is the central colloid in the thyroid gland mainly composed of?
Thyroglobulin
Where is parathyroid hormone produced in the parathyroid glands?
Chief cells
How do follicular cells in the thyroid gland endocytose thyroglobulin with coupled iodinated tyrosines?
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
Which glands are embedded in the posterior thyroid capsule?
Parathyroid glands
What is the main role of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in regulating serum calcium levels?
Increase calcium and decrease phosphate levels
What are the three categories of hormones?
Peptide, steroid, amino acid-derived
Which term describes the histology of endocrine cells based on their affinity to stains, hormones secreted, function, and hypothalamic control?
Secretory cells of the adenohypophysis
What is the function of neurosecretory (Herring) bodies?
Storing and releasing oxytocin and vasopressin
How do the adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis differ in terms of cell populations and functions?
Adenohypophysis releases anterior pituitary hormones, while neurohypophysis releases posterior pituitary hormones.
Why is understanding the types and functions of hormone receptors crucial?
To comprehend how hormones exert their effects on target cells
What distinguishes free hormone from bound hormone in terms of functionality?
Free hormones are active in exerting effects, while bound hormones act as reservoirs.
What is the most common type of pituitary adenoma mentioned in the text?
Prolactinoma
What causes Diabetes insipidus as described in the text?
Compression by tumor
What leads to the enlargement of the thyroid gland referred to as a goiter?
Excess TSH production
What stimulates osteoclasts to proliferate and increase in activity in the case of Hyperparathyroidism?
PTH excess
In Hyperparathyroidism, what condition may result from abnormally deposited calcium in arteries and kidneys?
Hypercalcemia
What is a characteristic feature of pituitary adenomas mentioned in the text?
Dense-core secretory granules
What is a key feature of endocrine organs?
Intimate association with fenestrated capillaries
Where is the anterior pituitary derived from embryologically?
Ectoderm of the oropharynx
Which hormone stimulates the production of growth hormone by somatotropes in the anterior pituitary?
Thyroid hormone
What inhibits the release of prolactin by lactotropes/mammotropes in the anterior pituitary?
Dopamine
What is the function of basophils in the anterior pituitary?
Produce proopiomelanocortin (POMC)
What stimulates the production of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) by gonadotropes in the anterior pituitary?
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Which cells in the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary represent progenitor cells or degranulated cells?
Chromophobes
What is produced by corticotropes in the anterior pituitary?
Proopiomelanocortin (POMC)
Test your knowledge on the structure and function of endocrine organs such as adrenal glands and pituitary gland. Learn about the organization of endocrine cells, their relationship with capillaries, and the absence of secretory ducts. This quiz covers important features of endocrine organs.
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