Endocrine, Nervous, and Reproductive Systems

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Questions and Answers

The primary function of the reproductive system is to produce hormones that regulate the body's growth and development.

False (B)

The ______ of the sperm contains enzymes that help it penetrate the ova.

acrosome

What determines the sex of a baby?

  • The father's sperm (correct)
  • The environment the baby develops in
  • The mother's egg
  • A combination of factors, including genetics and environment

Match the following parts of the sperm cell with their function:

<p>Head = Contains genetic material Midpiece = Supplies energy Tail or flagellum = Provides motility</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do sperm cells have more mitochondria than other cells in the body?

<p>Sperm cells require a lot of energy to travel to the egg for fertilization. Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell, producing energy in the form of ATP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a part of the male reproductive system?

<p>Ovary (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The scrotum is a pouch of skin that regulates the temperature of the testes.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The scrotum is divided into two sacs, each containing one ______ and epididymis.

<p>testicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the dark-colored circle at the tip of the breast?

<p>Areola (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The first secretion from the breast is true milk.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the thick, yellowish substance produced by the breast before true milk?

<p>Colostrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

The onset of the menstrual cycle is called ______.

<p>menarche</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the menstrual cycle is the endometrium shed?

<p>Follicular phase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the hormone with its function in the menstrual cycle:

<p>Estrogen = Stimulates follicle maturation and thickens the endometrium Progesterone = Prepares the endometrium for implantation and forms thick mucous to block the cervix</p> Signup and view all the answers

The fallopian tube is about 4-6 inches long.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The finger-like projections around the opening of the fallopian tube are called ______.

<p>fimbria</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the muscular layer of the uterus called?

<p>myometrium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following layers of the uterus with their descriptions.

<p>Perimetrium = The outermost layer of the uterus. Myometrium = The muscular inner layer of the uterus. Endometrium = The inner lining of the uterus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormone stimulates the production of milk in the breasts after childbirth?

<p>Prolactin</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the uterus?

<p>Produces eggs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The opening of the fallopian tube is called the ostium.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the scrotal tissue?

<p>To regulate the temperature of the testes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the widened portion of the fallopian tube where fertilization usually takes place?

<p>Ampulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

Seminiferous tubules are located within the epididymis.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ is a tube that transports sperm from the epididymis to the seminal vesicles.

<p>vas deferens</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the seminal vesicles?

<p>To produce a slightly alkaline fluid that mixes with sperm and becomes part of semen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following male reproductive structures with their primary functions:

<p>Testes = Produce sperm Epididymis = Store sperm Vas deferens = Transport sperm from epididymis to seminal vesicles Seminal vesicles = Produce alkaline fluid that mixes with sperm Prostate gland = Secretes alkaline fluid that mixes with sperm Cowper's glands = Produce mucous-alkaline secretion in the urethra</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Graafian follicle releases the ovum during menstruation.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the fimbria at the end of the fallopian tubes?

<p>To transport the ovum to the uterus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the process by which the Graafian follicle ruptures and releases the ovum?

<p>Ovulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormone increases to signal a pregnancy?

<p>Progesterone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A zygote has 23 chromosomes.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the fluid-filled sac that surrounds the embryo during gestation?

<p>Amniotic sac</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ is the structure that connects the embryo to the placenta, delivering nutrients and oxygen.

<p>umbilical cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following stages of pregnancy with their corresponding descriptions:

<p>First trimester = All parts of the embryo are formed Second trimester = All parts of the embryo start to function Third trimester = The embryo is now called a fetus and the main task is growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of labor?

<p>Increased production of estrogen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The most common type of delivery is breech delivery.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the cheesy coating that covers the newborn after birth?

<p>Vernix caseosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Hormones

Chemical messengers that regulate body functions and systems.

Homeostasis

The maintenance of stable internal conditions in the body.

Feedback mechanisms

Processes that maintain homeostasis by adjusting based on changes.

Male reproductive system

System responsible for producing sperm and delivering it for fertilization.

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Sperm structure

Sperm consist of head, midpiece, and tail, each with a specific function.

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Scrotum

Pouch of skin containing the testicles and epididymis.

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X/Y chromosomes

Determine the biological sex of the offspring; X is female, Y is male.

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Acrosome

Enzyme-filled cap on sperm that helps it penetrate the ova.

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Fimbria

Finger-like projections that capture the egg from the ovary.

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Fallopian Tube

Tube where the egg travels and fertilization occurs.

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Uterus Layers

The uterus has three layers: perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium.

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Menstruation

Shedding of the endometrium lining every 21 to 40 days.

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Endometrium

The innermost layer of the uterus that thickens and sheds.

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Myometrium

The muscular layer of the uterus that contracts during labor.

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Vagina

A muscular tube extending from the cervix to the exterior body.

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Breast Anatomy

Mammary glands with lobes that produce milk after childbirth.

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Areola

The dark-colored circle around the nipple containing sebaceous glands.

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Colostrum

The first secretion from the breast, thin and yellowish, full of nutrients and immunities.

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Menstrual Cycle

The monthly cycle involving hormonal changes in females, lasting from puberty to menopause.

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Follicular Phase

The first phase of the menstrual cycle marked by menstruation and follicle development.

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Ovulatory Phase

Phase that follows the follicular phase where estrogen matures the follicle and thickens the endometrium.

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Luteal Phase

Phase after ovulation where the corpus luteum develops and prepares the endometrium for implantation.

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Fertilized Egg

The egg that results from sperm fertilization, containing genetic information from both parents.

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Hormonal Therapy

A treatment that uses hormones to address hormonal imbalances or conditions.

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Scrotal tissue function

Contracts to regulate temperature of testes for sperm viability.

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Testes structure

Oval-shaped organs in the scrotum divided into lobules where sperm are formed.

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Epididymis

A long coiled tube that stores mature sperm next to each testicle.

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Vas deferens

Muscular tubes that transport sperm from the epididymis to the seminal vesicles.

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Seminal vesicles

Glands that produce fluid to mix with sperm, forming semen, and protecting sperm in acidic environments.

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Prostate gland

Secretes alkaline fluid into semen, keeps sperm viable; can cause urinary obstruction when enlarged.

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Cowper’s glands

Produce a mucous-alkaline secretion in the urethra before ejaculation.

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Ovulation process

Release of an egg when a follicle matures and ruptures due to hormonal signals.

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Zygote

The original cell formed from the fusion of sperm and egg, containing 46 chromosomes.

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Blastocyst

The stage of early embryonic development, where the zygote has divided and forms a fluid-filled sphere.

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Amniotic sac

A fluid-filled pouch that surrounds and protects the developing embryo during pregnancy.

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Umbilical cord

The structure connecting the fetus to the placenta, providing nutrients and oxygen.

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Placenta

An organ that provides oxygen and nutrients to the fetus and removes waste products.

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Trimester stages

Three phases of pregnancy: first (development), second (function), third (growth).

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Labor

The process of childbirth characterized by contractions and dilation of the cervix.

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Cesarean delivery

Surgical method of delivering a baby through an incision in the abdomen.

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Study Notes

Endocrine, Nervous, and Reproductive Systems

  • Body organ systems work together
  • Hormones regulate these systems through feedback mechanisms

Key Questions

  • How important are male and female sex hormones?
  • How do the endocrine and nervous systems coordinate with other body organs?
  • Why are feedback mechanisms important for homeostasis?

Pre-Learning Check

  • How do different body parts coordinate with one another?
  • What part of the brain is responsible for cognition and memory?
  • How do positive and negative feedback mechanisms work?

Human Reproductive System

  • The primary function of the reproductive system is perpetuating the species through sexual or germ-cell fertilization and reproduction.

Male Reproductive System: Sperm

  • The acrosome contains enzymes to penetrate the ovum
  • The head carries genetic material
  • The midpiece provides energy
  • The flagellum (tail) facilitates motility
  • Sperm carry either an X or Y chromosome, influencing the baby's sex.

Male Reproductive System: Testes and Epididymis

  • Testes are located in the scrotum and divided into lobules
  • Seminiferous tubules within the lobules form sperm
  • The epididymis, a coiled tube, stores mature sperm (13-20 feet long)

Male Reproductive System: Vas Deferens and Seminal Vesicles

  • Vas deferens transport sperm from the epididymis to the seminal vesicles
  • Seminal vesicles produce alkaline fluid for sperm protection, mixing with sperm to produce semen during ejaculation

Male Reproductive System: Prostate and Cowper's Glands

  • The prostate gland secretes alkaline fluid to mix with sperm, forming semen
  • Enlargement of the prostate (benign prostatic hyperplasia) can obstruct flow
  • Cowper's glands produce mucous-alkaline secretions in the urethra, excreted before ejaculation

Female Reproductive System: Ovaries

  • A ligament attaches each ovary to the uterus
  • Ovaries are oval-shaped, about the size of an almond
  • Located near the fimbria of the fallopian tubes
  • Ovaries contain eggs at birth

Female Reproductive System: Ovaries and Ova

  • Every 21 days, one follicle matures into a Graafian follicle
  • Follicle ruptures during ovulation, releasing the ovum
  • After rupture, the follicle becomes a corpus luteum

Female Reproductive System: Fallopian Tubes

  • Tubes connect the ovaries to the uterus
  • The ampulla (widened portion) is crucial to capture the egg
  • Finger-like fimbriae capture the egg in the fallopian tube
  • Muscular contractions and cilia move the egg

Female Reproductive System: The Uterus

  • The uterus has three layers: perimetrium, myometrium, and endometrium
  • The endometrium sheds every 21-40 days (menstruation)
  • The uterus nourishes the fetus during pregnancy
  • Uterus contracts during labor to expel the fetus

Female Reproductive System: The Vagina

  • Extends from the cervix to the exterior of the body
  • Muscular tube that expands for intercourse and childbirth
  • Passageway for menstruation and childbirth

Female Reproductive System: The Breast

  • Breasts/mammary glands vary in size
  • Composed of 15-20 lobes and connective tissue
  • Lobules produce milk during and after pregnancy (stimulated by prolactin)
  • The areola, a dark pigmented circle, holds sebaceous glands to keep skin conditioned
    • Nipple: ducts from lobules open here

Female Reproductive System: The Menstrual Cycle

  • Menstrual cycle starts at puberty, ending at menopause
  • Follicular phase: thickened uterine lining released if no fertilization
  • Ovulatory phase: ovary releases an egg
  • Luteal phase: prepares for implantation (if fertilized), and blocks cervix to prevent more sperm entry

Female Reproductive System: Pregnancy

  • Fertilized egg implants in the uterus
  • Progesterone production increases, noticeable in urine and blood
  • Weeks 2-8: embryo; after 8, fetus
  • Development of placenta and umbilical cord provide nutrients and oxygen to the fetus
  • Labor: contractions dilate the cervix, allow for delivery of the baby

Pregnancy Complications

  • Placenta previa: placenta over cervix opening
  • Preeclampsia: high blood pressure during pregnancy
  • Spontaneous abortion/miscarriage: loss of fetus before 20 weeks

Newborn Evaluation

  • Traces of vernix caseosa or lanugo present
  • APGAR scale evaluates health (color, heartbeat, reflexes, muscle tone, breathing; scored from 0 - 10)

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