Reproductive Systems PDF

THE ENDOCRINE, NERVOUS, & REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS Key Understanding The organ systems of the body coordinate with one another. Hormones regulate them through feedback mechanisms. KEY QUESTIONS 1.How important are the male and female sex hormones? 2.How do the endocrine an...

THE ENDOCRINE, NERVOUS, & REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS Key Understanding The organ systems of the body coordinate with one another. Hormones regulate them through feedback mechanisms. KEY QUESTIONS 1.How important are the male and female sex hormones? 2.How do the endocrine and nervous systems function and coordinate with other body organs? 3.Why are feedback mechanisms important in maintaining homeostasis? PRE-LEARNING CHECK PAGE 92 1.How do the different body parts coordinate with one another? 2.What part of the brain is used for cognition and memory? 3.How do positive and negative feedback mechanisms work?  HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM How important are the male and female sex hormones? ▪The primary function of the reproductive system is to perpetuate the species through sexual or germ-cell fertilization and reproduction. QUICK QUIZ 9-1 PAGE 93 Look for the parts of the male and female reproductive systems and search for their functions. Make a chart that includes the function of each part.  Male reproductive system: sperm The acrosome (AK roh zome) , which covers the head of the sperm, contains enzymes that help it penetrate the ova. The head carries the genetic material. The midpiece supplies Sperm carry either an X/female OR Y/male energy. chromosome. Since all ova carry the The tail or flagellum (flah X/female chromosome, the male sperm does influence the baby’s sex. JELL um) provides motility. https://www.sciencefocus.com/the-human-body/the-dis appearing-y-chromosome Reading Assignment Click the link to learn how and why the Y chromosome is disappearing. QUICK QUIZ 9-2 PAGE 95 Why do sperm cells have more mitochondria than the other cells of the body?  Male reproductive system: scrotum The scrotum is a pouch of skin suspended from the perineal area and divided into two sacs, each containing one testicle and epididymis. The scrotal tissue contracts in the absence of sufficient heat, pulling the testes up closer to the body, where the temperature maintains the viability of sperm. Male reproductive system: testes and epididymis The oval-shaped testes are located in the scrotum and are each divided into 250 lobules. Coiled within the lobule are seminiferous tubes where the sperm are formed. The mature sperm are stored in the epididymis, a tube 13-20 feet long, coiled and lying on the side of each testicle.  Male reproductive system: vas deferens and seminal vesicles The vas deferens are muscular tubes transporting sperm from the epididymis to the seminal vesicles. The seminal vesicles produce a slightly alkaline fluid that mixes with the sperm and becomes part of the semen ejaculated during the male orgasm. It protects the sperm from the acidity of the urethra. Male reproductive system: Prostate and Cowper’s glands The prostate gland also secretes an alkaline fluid that mixes with the sperm as part of the semen. Enlargement of the prostate, benign prostatic hyperplasia, obstructs the flow of urine through the urethra. The Cowper’s or bulbourethral glands (bull boh your REE thrall) produce another mucous-alkaline secretion in the urethra, excreted from the glands just  Female reproductive system: the ovaries A ligament attaches the two ovaries to each side of the uterus. They are oval-shaped, about the size of an almond seed, and lie close to the fimbria at the end of the fallopian tubes. Each ovary is filled,  Female reproductive system: the ovaries and ova… Once every 21 days, one follicle in one ovary matures into a Graafian (GRAW fee un) follicle. The follicle ruptures in response to hormones from the pituitary gland, releasing the ovum or egg in a process called ovulation. After the follicle ruptures, it becomes a mass of yellow  Female reproductive system: the fallopian tubes (or oviducts) Tube widens to form End of tube the ampulla (am pyu is called the lah) infundibulu The isthmus m is the (in fun DIB yū portion that lum) connects to uterus Fimbria (fihm bree ah) Openin are the finger-like g is projections around the called opening that trap the the egg as it leaves the ostium  Female reproductive system: the fallopian tubes… The fallopian tube is 4-6 inches long. The egg, released from the ovary, is captured by the fimbria and brought into the fallopian tube. The egg is moved along inside the tube by muscular contractions and the waving action of cilia. It takes an egg about 3-4 days to travel the length of the tube. If an egg is FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM: THE UTERUS ▪The uterus wall has 3 layers: ▪ the outside layer called the perimetrium, ▪the muscular inside layer called the myometrium, ▪and the mucous membrane lining the uterus called the endometrium  Female reproductive system: the uterus The uterus has three functions: 1. The endometrium sheds the lining of the uterus every 21 to 40 days by menstruation 2. It provides a place for the protection and nourishment of the fetus during pregnancy 3. It contracts during labor to expel the fetus Female reproductive system: the vagina The vagina extends from the cervix to the outside of the body. It is a 3 ½ inch long muscular tube that expands in length and width during sexual arousal. The vagina is the female organ for copulation (sexual intercourse), receiving the seminal fluid from the male penis. It is also a passageway for menstruation or the birth of a fetus. Female reproductive system: the breast The breasts are the mammary glands, and they vary in size according to age, heredity, and the amount of fatty tissue present. Each breast has 15-20 glandular lobes separated by connective tissue. After childbirth, the pituitary gland stimulates these lobules with the hormone prolactin, which causes them to produce milk. Baby’s suckling triggers the release  Female reproductive system: the breast The dark-colored circle at the tip of the breast is called the areola (ah REE ah lah). It contains sebaceous glands to keep the skin conditioned. The nipple, where ducts from the lobules open, is in the center. The first secretion from the breast is not true milk but a thin Colostrum yellowish contains substance nutrients called and the mother’s immunities that can protect baby.  Female reproductive system: the menstrual cycle The onset of the menstrual cycle, or menarche, begins at puberty and ceases at menopause. The cycle has 3 phases: 1. The follicular phase is characterized by menstruation when the thickened lining of the endometrium is shed because no egg was fertilized or implanted. Just before this phase is a premenstrual period characterized by hormonal and physical changes.  Female reproductive system: the menstrual cycle… 2. The ovulatory phase follows. Estrogen is the hormone produced by the ovaries. It stimulates the maturation of a follicle and thickens the endometrium. 3. The luteal phase follows ovulation and is characterized by the development of the corpus luteum, the secretion of progesterone, the preparation of the endometrium for implantation of a fertilized egg, and the formation of a thick mucous to block the cervix once the egg passes out of the fallopian tube. ASSIGNMENT (MODIFIED QUICK LAB 9-1 PAGE 96) 1. What is hormonal therapy? 2. Search for a case online of someone who underwent this procedure. 3. What possible changes may be experienced before, during and after the therapy?  Female reproductive system: pregnancy At the moment of conception, a single sperm with 23 chromosomes (carrying genetic information from The fertilized egg the father)penetrates/fertilizes a implants in the uterus. single egg with 23 chromosomes Progesterone (carrying genetic information from production increases to the mother). The resulting cell, a signal a pregnancy; it zygote, now has 46 chromosomes. can be detected in urine The cell begins dividing and is also and blood. called a blastocyst. From week 2-8, it THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JMatrteYH Female reproductive system: pregnancy… The embryo is suspended in an amniotic sac surrounded by fluid during the 280 day gestation period. The umbilical cord attached at the navel connects it to the placenta, where it gets nutrients and oxygen. During the 1st trimester, all parts of the embryo are formed. During the second trimester all parts start to function; during the last trimester the embryo is now called a fetus and the main task is growth. Female reproductive system: pregnancy… Labor, characterized by muscle contractions, dilation (to 10 cm) and effacement (thinning)of the cervix, and expulsion of the mucous plug that formed in the cervix, signals the onset of parturition… the childbirth process. The cephalic, or head-first delivery, is the most common. Breech is a The umbilical cord is cut backward presentation; and clamped, and placenta Caesarian is delivery (afterbirth) is delivered through an incision in the following birth of the baby. abdomen. Female reproductive system: pregnancy… The newborn may be covered with traces of vernix caseosa (cheesy coating) or lanugo (downy hair) that protected the skin before birth. The health of the baby is immediately evaluated on the APGAR scale. Color, heartbeat, reflexes, muscle tone, and breathing are scored on a scale of 0-10. Female reproductive system: pregnancy… Pregnancy can be complicated by certain conditions: 1. Placenta previa is the development of the placenta over the opening of the cervix 2. Preeclampsia is a pregnancy- induced hypertension (high blood pressure) 3. Spontaneous abortion or miscarriage is the loss of a fetus during the first 20 weeks, often due to abnormalities, trauma, or lifestyle choices.