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Questions and Answers
What is the recommended management for a conscious patient experiencing hypoglycemia?
What is the recommended management for a conscious patient experiencing hypoglycemia?
Which of the following is NOT a sign or symptom of hypoglycemia?
Which of the following is NOT a sign or symptom of hypoglycemia?
What is the recommended dosage of Glucagon for a child under 8 years old and weighing under 25kg?
What is the recommended dosage of Glucagon for a child under 8 years old and weighing under 25kg?
In managing an unconscious patient suffering from a medical emergency, what is the initial step?
In managing an unconscious patient suffering from a medical emergency, what is the initial step?
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What is the primary medication used to treat an adrenal crisis?
What is the primary medication used to treat an adrenal crisis?
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Which of the following best describes the primary role of the endocrine system?
Which of the following best describes the primary role of the endocrine system?
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In 2011, approximately what percentage of people with diabetes had type 2 diabetes?
In 2011, approximately what percentage of people with diabetes had type 2 diabetes?
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Which of these is NOT an important consideration when treating a patient with an endocrine disorder?
Which of these is NOT an important consideration when treating a patient with an endocrine disorder?
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What is a key factor in the increasing prevalence of diabetes worldwide?
What is a key factor in the increasing prevalence of diabetes worldwide?
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According to the information provided, what is a crucial skill for a dental hygienist or therapist in relation to endocrine disorders?
According to the information provided, what is a crucial skill for a dental hygienist or therapist in relation to endocrine disorders?
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What is the primary focus of the presentation regarding endocrine diseases and diabetes?
What is the primary focus of the presentation regarding endocrine diseases and diabetes?
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Why is it important for dental professionals to understand the medications that patients with endocrine disorders may be on?
Why is it important for dental professionals to understand the medications that patients with endocrine disorders may be on?
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Besides diabetes, what other key medical emergency associated with the endocrine system should dental professionals be aware of?
Besides diabetes, what other key medical emergency associated with the endocrine system should dental professionals be aware of?
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Which treatment option is typically considered for severe hypothyroidism?
Which treatment option is typically considered for severe hypothyroidism?
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What hormone imbalance is primarily associated with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)?
What hormone imbalance is primarily associated with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)?
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Which of the following conditions is characterized by the pituitary gland being overactive or underactive?
Which of the following conditions is characterized by the pituitary gland being overactive or underactive?
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What is a major consequence of poorly managed diabetes over time?
What is a major consequence of poorly managed diabetes over time?
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Which type of diabetes is primarily autoimmune in nature?
Which type of diabetes is primarily autoimmune in nature?
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What primarily causes gestational diabetes during pregnancy?
What primarily causes gestational diabetes during pregnancy?
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Which condition is primarily associated with high blood sugar levels?
Which condition is primarily associated with high blood sugar levels?
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What role does insulin play in glucose metabolism?
What role does insulin play in glucose metabolism?
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What is a potential effect of hyperglycaemia on the body?
What is a potential effect of hyperglycaemia on the body?
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Which hormone is released when blood sugar levels are too high?
Which hormone is released when blood sugar levels are too high?
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What does glucagon do when blood sugar levels are too low?
What does glucagon do when blood sugar levels are too low?
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What is the normal target blood sugar level before meals for people without diabetes?
What is the normal target blood sugar level before meals for people without diabetes?
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Which factor can increase the risk of developing type 1 diabetes?
Which factor can increase the risk of developing type 1 diabetes?
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What is one of the main complications associated with type 1 diabetes?
What is one of the main complications associated with type 1 diabetes?
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Which treatment is specifically mentioned as a first-line option for managing type 2 diabetes?
Which treatment is specifically mentioned as a first-line option for managing type 2 diabetes?
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What is a risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes?
What is a risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding insulin administration for type 1 diabetes?
Which of the following statements is true regarding insulin administration for type 1 diabetes?
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What is the relationship between periodontitis and diabetes?
What is the relationship between periodontitis and diabetes?
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In the context of diabetes, what does HbA1c reflect?
In the context of diabetes, what does HbA1c reflect?
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What effect does exercising regularly have on type 2 diabetes?
What effect does exercising regularly have on type 2 diabetes?
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Which insulin type is administered in the event of immediate blood sugar control need?
Which insulin type is administered in the event of immediate blood sugar control need?
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What condition describes the inflammation of the gums often associated with diabetes?
What condition describes the inflammation of the gums often associated with diabetes?
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What is a common method for delivering insulin to patients?
What is a common method for delivering insulin to patients?
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Which of these is NOT a risk factor for gestational diabetes?
Which of these is NOT a risk factor for gestational diabetes?
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Which of the following is a complication that can occur in the baby if gestational diabetes is not controlled?
Which of the following is a complication that can occur in the baby if gestational diabetes is not controlled?
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Which of the following is a treatment for gestational diabetes?
Which of the following is a treatment for gestational diabetes?
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Which of these is a potential long-term complication for the mother if gestational diabetes is not controlled?
Which of these is a potential long-term complication for the mother if gestational diabetes is not controlled?
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What is the primary reason for the General Dental Council (GDC) to mandate training in medical emergencies for all dentists?
What is the primary reason for the General Dental Council (GDC) to mandate training in medical emergencies for all dentists?
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Before treating a patient with diabetes, what should a dentist prioritize?
Before treating a patient with diabetes, what should a dentist prioritize?
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What is a potential consequence of not controlling blood sugar levels in a patient with diabetes who undergoes dental surgery?
What is a potential consequence of not controlling blood sugar levels in a patient with diabetes who undergoes dental surgery?
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Why is it important to include comprehensive questions about a patient's social history while managing a patient with Diabetes?
Why is it important to include comprehensive questions about a patient's social history while managing a patient with Diabetes?
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Study Notes
Endocrine Diseases & Diabetes - Lecture Notes
- Lecture date: 24th January 2025
- Presenters: Hannah Barrow, Khadeeja Saeed, Georgina Prosser
- Topic focus: Endocrine diseases, specifically diabetes and its impact on dental health and patient management.
Aims & Learning Objectives
- Students should be able to confidently explain the endocrine system and its role.
- Understand and define different endocrine diseases.
- Explain the pathophysiology of diabetes.
- Describe how to manage medical emergencies involving diabetes in patients.
- Discuss how dental treatments could be affected by conditions like diabetes.
- Describe the medications patients might be on and their relevance to dentistry.
Why Know About Endocrine Disease?
- Endocrine disorders are diverse and affect dental health.
- Diabetes (predominantly type 2) is prevalent globally.
- The number of people with diabetes is increasing.
- Endocrine patients are often on various medications (some long-term).
- Dental professionals need to recognize and manage Addison's crisis and manage patients with high and/or low blood sugar.
GDC Preparing for Practice
- Dental hygienists and therapists will be able to:
- Describe relevant physiology for patient management.
- Describe the properties of medicines and therapeutic agents.
- Explain the impact of conditions (like diabetes) on the patients.
- Recognize and manage medical emergencies.
Structure of Lecture
- Part 1: The Endocrine System: This section reviews the endocrine system, including gland function, hormones and how various parts of the system interact with each other.
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Part 2: How Endocrine Diseases Occur: Defines endocrine diseases, explains their pathophysiology, and identifies possible symptoms.
- Common examples of endocrine disorders to cover: Acromegaly, Adrenal insufficiency, Hyperthyroidism/Hypothyroidism, Hyperpituitarism/Hypopituitarism, Polycystic ovary syndrome, Diabetes
- Part 3: Diabetes: This section focuses on Diabetes; including aetiology, pathophysiology, symptoms, treatments and implications for dentistry.
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Part 4: Dental Management of Patients with Endocrine Disease: Includes specific considerations regarding diabetes and patient management, including specific questions to ask in consultations.
- Discusses patient management, clinical considerations, risk factors and prevention of diseases, understand medical emergencies related to diabetes
- Group discussion: A group discussion session allows for reflective learning about the topic.
Specific Endocrine Disorders
- Acromegaly: A rare condition where the pituitary gland produces too much growth hormone, often due to a tumour; characterized by an increase in size of bones, cartilage, body organs, and other tissues, with associated craniofacial features, (e.g. larger nose, ears, hands, and feet).
- Adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease): A rare autoimmune disease where adrenal glands do not produce enough cortisol (stress hormone); possible symptoms include fatigue, muscle weakness, weight loss and abdominal pain, and requires careful management in stressful situations due to potential for adrenal crisis.
- Cushing's disease: An endocrine disorder characterized by excessive cortisol production, often attributed to long-term steroid medication use.
- *Hyperthyroidism:*Thyroid gland produces too much thyroxine, which raises metabolism and causes symptoms like bulging eyes and a goiter; often autoimmune (Grave's disease).
- Hypothyroidism: Thyroid gland produces too little thyroxine, making metabolism fall, and often diagnosed with symptoms such as fatigue, constipation, weight gain etc and with autoimmune reasons
- Hyper/Hypopituitarism: Conditions related to the pituitary gland's overactivity or underactivity, commonly leading to irregularities in other hormones' production and imbalances.
- Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): A hormonal imbalance in women, characterized by excess facial hair, weight gain and irregular periods
- Diabetes: Diabetes is a chronic disease where the pancreas doesn't produce enough insulin (Type 1) or the body's cells don't respond effectively to insulin (Type 2), leading to high blood sugar. A person's blood sugars need to be kept under control to avoid further complications.
- Gestational diabetes: Diabetes developing during pregnancy, often linked to hormonal changes causing insulin resistance and affecting the mother and child.
Pathophysiology of Diabetes
- Insulin regulates blood glucose levels
- High blood sugar over time can damage various organs.
- In Type 1 diabetes, the pancreas doesn't produce insulin.
- In Type 2 diabetes, the body doesn't use insulin effectively.
Complications
- Hypoglycaemia: Low blood sugar, characterized by symptoms like shaking, confusion, and loss of consciousness
- Adrenal crisis: A life-threatening complication of Addison's disease, which causes low cortisol and needs prompt medical attention
- Long-term complications of uncontrolled diabetes can include:
- Cardiovascular disease
- Cerebrovascular disease
- Peripheral vascular disease
- Neuropathy
- Retinopathy
- Nephropathy
- Diabetic eye disease
- Foot ulcers
- periodontal disease
Dental Management
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Asking patients about their diagnosis history can greatly enhance medical care and aid with management planning
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Key questions for consultation to assess diabetes management include:
- When was the diagnosis made?
- What are their medications and their frequency?
- Have they experienced episodes of hypo/hyperglycaemia?
- How frequently do patients check their blood sugar levels, and are these well-controlled?
- How frequently do they see their doctor?
- Important to obtain a detailed social history.
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Update medical history before treatment
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Check blood sugars before treatment
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Emphasize prevention of periodontal disease.
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Be aware of potential risks of dental surgery (delayed healing and dental decay).
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Understand medical emergencies (hypo/hyperglycaemia, adrenal crisis); be versed in proper management of these according to GDC guidelines.
Additional Information
- Further reading: Links to external websites for additional information.
- Treatments: Lists of medications (such as insulin types) and treatments for both Type 1 and 2 Diabetes.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the management of endocrine disorders and diabetes. This quiz covers essential topics including hypoglycemia signs, glucagon dosage, and treatment considerations. Perfect for healthcare professionals looking to strengthen their understanding of endocrine health.
