L32. Pharmacology: Endocrine Pharmacology

<p>Autoantibodies activate TSH receptors, mimicking the action of TSH. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The slow conversion of T4 to T3, and the large serum binding capacity for the hormones (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Iodide (I-) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Active transport requiring energy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sodium iodide (NaI) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thiocyanate and perchlorate ions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thyroperoxidase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Extracellularly within the follicular lumen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monoiodotyrosine (MIT) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1 to 3 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thyroxine (T4) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The iodination of tyrosine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Controlling the basal metabolic rate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thyroid hormone replacement therapy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cushing's syndrome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased muscle mass (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tumor excision (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low blood glucose levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are typically characterized by a clonal expansion of hormone-secreting cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The liver serves as a primary target for insulin action and experiences high insulin concentrations before peripheral tissues. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Subcutaneous injections do not reach the liver before reaching peripheral tissues, as they do during a natural release. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To restore blood glucose levels within normal physiological ranges. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By chemically reacting with and altering proteins. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The chemical modification of hemoglobin by glucose. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High insulin release triggered by meal consumption, followed by a lower basal secretion between meals. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amino acid changes perturb its monomer-hexamer equilibrium, affecting its speed of action without affecting receptor binding. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Soluble insulin is the same as regular insulin whereas NPH insulin is modified for slower absorption. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The body is unable to utilize circulating glucose, resulting in starvation at a cellular level. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protamine delays insulin absorption when mixed with regular insulin. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insulin resistance coupled with β cell insufficiency. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cells are less responsive to insulin's actions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are engineered to favor monomeric formation for faster action. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>NPH insulin. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Their bodies are able to compensate by increasing insulin secretion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By increasing insulin levels, decreasing insulin resistance, or lowering circulating glucose levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To slow the absorption rate of insulin by reducing solubility. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They share the same set of long-term complications. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A condition where the thyroid gland produces too little thyroid hormone, leading to a slowed metabolism.

An autoimmune disorder where the body's immune system attacks the thyroid gland, leading to hypothyroidism.

Treatment for hypothyroidism involving taking a daily pill containing thyroid hormone.

A condition where the thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone, leading to a sped-up metabolism.

An autoimmune disorder causing hyperthyroidism, characterized by an overactive thyroid gland.

A condition where the body produces too little cortisol, a hormone produced by the adrenal glands.

A condition where the body produces too much growth hormone, leading to excessive growth in children (gigantism) or adults (acromegaly).

The main treatment for hypothyroidism, involving daily oral medication to replace the missing thyroid hormone.

A chemical reaction where glucose modifies proteins, potentially impairing their function.

A blood test that measures the average blood glucose level over the past 2-3 months.

A condition characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production.

A condition characterized by high blood glucose levels due to insulin resistance and/or β cell insufficiency.

Inability of cells to respond effectively to insulin.

The pancreas doesn't produce enough insulin to meet the body's needs.

The primary treatment for Type 1 Diabetes, involving regular insulin injections.

Long-term complications arising from uncontrolled blood glucose levels in both Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes.

A set of strategies aiming to improve blood glucose control in Type 2 Diabetes.

Iodide (I-) is the form of iodine absorbed by thyroid follicular cells. Uptake is extremely rapid and efficient.

Thyroid follicular cells can concentrate iodide from blood up to 250 times.

Radioisotopes of iodine can be absorbed into the thyroid, potentially leading to thyroid cancer.

Large doses of sodium iodide can prevent thyroidal uptake of radioisotopes, a crucial step in treating iodine poisoning.

Inhibitors of iodide uptake include thiocyanate (SCN-) and perchlorate (ClO4-) ions.

Saltwater seafood is a rich source of dietary iodide.

Iodide deficiency has historically caused hypothyroidism and goiter, but is now less common due to iodine supplementation in table salt.

Once absorbed, iodide is oxidized and attached to tyrosine with the help of thyroperoxidase.

The tyrosine substrates for iodination are found in thyroglobulin, a protein located in the follicular lumen.

Thyroxine (T4) is synthesized from the iodinated tyrosine residues in thyroglobulin.

The process of converting non-carbohydrate sources (like amino acids and glycerol) into glucose in the liver.

The breakdown of glycogen, a stored form of glucose, into glucose in the liver.

This process is crucial for maintaining proper blood glucose levels, making the liver a key player in regulating blood sugar.

Insulin, released from the pancreas, first reaches the liver due to the circulatory system's pathway.

The different insulin concentrations experienced by the liver (high initially, then depleted) are not replicated by subcutaneous injections, which act on the entire body at once.

The state of having normal blood glucose levels, the goal of diabetes therapy.

Maintaining blood glucose levels within a narrow range using insulin and glucagon, vital for normal bodily functions.

Insulin's effect varies in duration depending on the type. Short-acting insulin acts quickly, while long-acting insulin has a prolonged effect.

Insulin preparations are modified, often with zinc or protamine, to change their absorption rate and prolong their effect.

Altering insulin's structure to favor either monomeric (fast-acting) or hexameric (slow-acting) forms without affecting its binding to the insulin receptor.