Endocrine and Exocrine Glands Overview

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Questions and Answers

What type of gland releases its secretions directly into the blood?

  • Exocrine gland
  • Endocrine gland (correct)
  • Lacrimal gland
  • Sweat gland

The anterior pituitary secretes anti-diuretic hormone (ADH).

False (B)

What hormone does the posterior pituitary secrete that is involved in milk ejection?

Oxytocin

The primary function of growth hormone is to stimulate _____ and _____ in various tissues.

<p>hypertrophy, hyperplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the hormones to their corresponding actions:

<p>Growth hormone = Growth of epiphyseal cartilage Prolactin = Milk production during lactation ADH = Water reabsorption Oxytocin = Uterine contraction during labor</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones is primarily involved in carbohydrate metabolism?

<p>Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Calcitonin increases calcium excretion in urine.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormone secreted by the thyroid gland is responsible for increasing metabolic rate?

<p>T3 (triiodothyronine) or T4 (thyroxine)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The _____ gland is responsible for secreting growth hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone.

<p>pituitary</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of vasopressor hormones like ADH?

<p>Water reabsorption (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Endocrine glands

Secrete their products into the blood, often called hormones. They have no ducts for releasing secretions.

Exocrine Glands

Secrete their products into the external environment or into a duct. They have ducts to carry their secretions.

Pituitary gland

A tiny gland located at the base of the brain, it secretes several hormones that control other glands in the body.

Anterior pituitary

The front part of the pituitary gland, producing hormones like growth hormone, prolactin, TSH, FSH, LH, and ACTH. These hormones influence growth, metabolism, and reproduction.

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Posterior pituitary

The back part of the pituitary gland, it secretes hormones like ADH and oxytocin. These hormones influence water balance, blood pressure, and childbirth.

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Growth Hormone

Increases cell size and number, leading to tissue growth. It also stimulates cartilage growth, making bones longer.

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Prolactin

Stimulates milk production in women after childbirth. It can also inhibit ovulation and menstruation.

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Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Also known as vasopressin, it regulates water reabsorption in the kidneys, helping to control blood pressure by constricting blood vessels.

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Oxytocin

A hormone involved in milk release from the breasts and uterine contractions during labor.

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Thyroid gland

The largest endocrine gland in the body, located in the neck, it produces thyroid hormones T3 and T4 which regulate metabolism, and calcitonin which plays a role in calcium regulation.

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Study Notes

Endocrine Glands

  • Endocrine glands release secretions (hormones) directly into the bloodstream
  • Ductless glands
  • Examples include the pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands

Exocrine Glands

  • Exocrine glands release secretions into the external environment through ducts
  • Examples include sweat glands, salivary glands, and lacrimal glands

Pituitary Gland

  • Anterior pituitary secretes several hormones, including:
    • Growth hormone (GH)
    • Prolactin (PRL)
    • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
    • Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
    • Luteinizing hormone (LH)
    • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  • Posterior pituitary secretes:
    • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
    • Oxytocin

Growth Hormone (GH)

  • Function on viscera: Increases size (hypertrophy) and number (hyperplasia) of cells
  • Function on skeleton: Stimulates chondrogenesis (cartilage formation), leading to growth of epiphyseal cartilage and bone elongation

Prolactin (PRL)

  • Function (in females): Stimulates milk production during lactation
  • Other functions: Can cause anovulation (lack of ovulation) and amenorrhea (lack of menstruation)

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

  • Function: Reabsorption of water, vasoconstriction of blood vessels (increasing blood pressure), and vasodilation of renal vessels

Oxytocin

  • Functions: Milk ejection and uterine contraction during labor

Thyroid Gland

  • Hormones: Triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)
  • Thyroxine is also known as (tetraiodothyronine). Parafollicular cells (C-cells) secrete calcitonin
  • Functions: Increases cellular metabolism (ATP production), carbohydrate metabolism (glucose absorption), protein metabolism and fat metabolism (lipolysis)

Parathyroid Gland

  • Function: Regulates calcium levels in the blood by increasing bone resorption (releasing calcium into the blood) when calcium levels are low
  • Independent from pituitary control
  • Secretes Parathormone

Calcitonin

  • Function: Involved in calcium homeostasis. Inhibits bone resorption and increases calcium excretion in urine. Also regulating bone growth

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Endocrine System 1 Lecture Notes PDF

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