Encouraging Global Action for Environmental Protection
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Questions and Answers

What type of research focuses on 'what ought to be' and cannot be answered with empirical data?

  • Positive research
  • Normative research (correct)
  • Explanatory research
  • Descriptive research

    • Which type of research involves the relationships between concepts and empirical facts?

  • Explanatory research
  • Descriptive research (correct)
  • Predictive research
  • Normative research

    • In which type of research can normative research be complimented by it, but not vice versa?

  • Normative research (correct)
  • Descriptive research
  • Explanatory research
  • Predictive research

    • What is the main difference between normative and positive research goals?

    <p>Normative research aims to prescribe values, while positive research examines empirical relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of research focuses on relationships between theoretical concepts without direct reference to empirical facts or value judgments?

    <p>Positive political theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'All scientific research requires inference,' which type of research is often in frequent dialogue with positive research?

    <p>'What ought to be' research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential pitfall of conceptualization?

    <p>Conceptual stretching and functional equivalence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might defining some concepts be easy but operationalizing them challenging?

    <p>Contested nature of concepts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the excess mortality due to Covid-19 represent?

    <p>Difference between observed and counterfactual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can the legal-bureaucratic context impact definitions?

    <p>'Ministry' differences among European states</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might a country being labeled as a 'third world country' have normative implications?

    <p>'What is good governance?' contested nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'What is good governance?' is cited as an example of:

    <p>'Contested concepts'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between Empiricists and Scientific Realists?

    <p>Empiricists prioritize successful prediction over understanding underlying structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the view of Empiricists towards theoretical assumptions?

    <p>Empiricists adopt an instrumentalist view towards theoretical assumptions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do Empiricists prioritize in their research?

    <p>Successful prediction and intervention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do Scientific Realists aspire to achieve in their research?

    <p>Deep understanding beyond instrumental use of scientific results.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of the theoretical work inspired by economics and game theory?

    <p>Creation of models with extremely simplified assumptions about rationality and interactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it hard to find 'pure' empiricists according to the text?

    <p>Empiricists are more interested in understanding instead of prediction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does analyzing a sample of nurses lead to the conclusion that women are less compassionate than men?

    <p>Collider bias creates a false relationship between G and C.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the general population, what is the relationship between G and C?

    <p>No correlation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do men in the sample of nurses have a 100% chance of being compassionate?

    <p>False conclusions from the collider bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for the false correlation between gender and compassion in the sample of nurses?

    <p>Random chance distribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the collider bias affect the analysis of compassion levels in male and female nurses?

    <p>It inflates male compassion levels and deflates female compassion levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What conclusion can be drawn about gender and compassion based on the information provided?

    <p>Gender influences perceived compassion levels due to collider bias.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of effects are reported in the study?

    <p>Intention to treat (ITT) and Treatment on the treated (TOT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many treatments and subtreatments were individuals randomized into?

    <p>Seven</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'Intention to treat (ITT)' refer to?

    <p>Those who were assigned to the treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the impact of exposure to an asset treatment on socioeconomic values?

    <p>Shifted them rightwards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did the study add controls in its analysis?

    <p>To observe the effects on R-squared of the models</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the study disaggregate its results?

    <p>By treatment, political area, and time</p> Signup and view all the answers

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