Encouraging Global Action for Environmental Protection
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Questions and Answers

What type of research focuses on 'what ought to be' and cannot be answered with empirical data?

  • Positive research
  • Normative research (correct)
  • Explanatory research
  • Descriptive research

Which type of research involves the relationships between concepts and empirical facts?

  • Explanatory research
  • Descriptive research (correct)
  • Predictive research
  • Normative research

In which type of research can normative research be complimented by it, but not vice versa?

  • Normative research (correct)
  • Descriptive research
  • Explanatory research
  • Predictive research

What is the main difference between normative and positive research goals?

<p>Normative research aims to prescribe values, while positive research examines empirical relationships. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of research focuses on relationships between theoretical concepts without direct reference to empirical facts or value judgments?

<p>Positive political theory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'All scientific research requires inference,' which type of research is often in frequent dialogue with positive research?

<p>'What ought to be' research (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential pitfall of conceptualization?

<p>Conceptual stretching and functional equivalence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might defining some concepts be easy but operationalizing them challenging?

<p>Contested nature of concepts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the excess mortality due to Covid-19 represent?

<p>Difference between observed and counterfactual (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can the legal-bureaucratic context impact definitions?

<p>'Ministry' differences among European states (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might a country being labeled as a 'third world country' have normative implications?

<p>'What is good governance?' contested nature (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'What is good governance?' is cited as an example of:

<p>'Contested concepts' (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between Empiricists and Scientific Realists?

<p>Empiricists prioritize successful prediction over understanding underlying structures. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the view of Empiricists towards theoretical assumptions?

<p>Empiricists adopt an instrumentalist view towards theoretical assumptions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do Empiricists prioritize in their research?

<p>Successful prediction and intervention. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do Scientific Realists aspire to achieve in their research?

<p>Deep understanding beyond instrumental use of scientific results. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of the theoretical work inspired by economics and game theory?

<p>Creation of models with extremely simplified assumptions about rationality and interactions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it hard to find 'pure' empiricists according to the text?

<p>Empiricists are more interested in understanding instead of prediction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does analyzing a sample of nurses lead to the conclusion that women are less compassionate than men?

<p>Collider bias creates a false relationship between G and C. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the general population, what is the relationship between G and C?

<p>No correlation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do men in the sample of nurses have a 100% chance of being compassionate?

<p>False conclusions from the collider bias (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for the false correlation between gender and compassion in the sample of nurses?

<p>Random chance distribution (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the collider bias affect the analysis of compassion levels in male and female nurses?

<p>It inflates male compassion levels and deflates female compassion levels. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What conclusion can be drawn about gender and compassion based on the information provided?

<p>Gender influences perceived compassion levels due to collider bias. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of effects are reported in the study?

<p>Intention to treat (ITT) and Treatment on the treated (TOT) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many treatments and subtreatments were individuals randomized into?

<p>Seven (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'Intention to treat (ITT)' refer to?

<p>Those who were assigned to the treatment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the impact of exposure to an asset treatment on socioeconomic values?

<p>Shifted them rightwards (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did the study add controls in its analysis?

<p>To observe the effects on R-squared of the models (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the study disaggregate its results?

<p>By treatment, political area, and time (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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