Empiricism and Hume's Philosophy
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Questions and Answers

What does the 'Me' aspect of the Self represent?

  • Individual impulses and drives
  • Spontaneous thoughts and feelings
  • Learned behaviors and expectations (correct)
  • Creative expressions of the individual

    • Which cultural perspective describes a self that is viewed as separate and distinct?

  • Contextual Framework
  • Interdependent Construct
  • Independent Construct (correct)
  • Collectivist culture

    • Richard Shweder's contribution emphasizes the role of what in shaping the human psyche?

  • Cultural traditions and social practices (correct)
  • Genetic predispositions
  • Cognitive development
  • Biological factors

    • What does Empiricism primarily promote regarding knowledge?

    <p>Knowledge is derived from the senses and experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of the Interdependent Construct?

    <p>Emphasis on connections with others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to David Hume, how is the self conceptualized?

    <p>As a bundle of impressions and ideas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'I' aspect of the Self primarily enable an individual to do?

    <p>Show individualism and creativity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which regions is the Independent Construct more commonly observed?

    <p>North America and Europe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of Plato's soul is associated with governing reason and intellect?

    <p>Rational Soul</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept suggests that individuals from different societies think and feel differently?

    <p>Cultural Construals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect does John Locke believe is crucial to the persistence of personal identity?

    <p>Memories connect the self over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one critique that can be derived from Hume's view on personal identity?

    <p>It suggests that personal identity is imaginary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Anthropology as mentioned in the content?

    <p>Understanding cultural aspects of humanity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Appetitive Soul in Plato's framework represent?

    <p>Base desires like hunger and thirst.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What theory is associated with John Locke as the Father of Liberalism?

    <p>The memory theory of personal identity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did St. Augustine of Hippo modify Plato's theory about the soul?

    <p>By incorporating aspects of Christianity into it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is described as the alignment of the ideal and real self?

    <p>Congruence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During middle to later childhood, what aspect of self becomes more influential?

    <p>Social comparison</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes the real self?

    <p>The actual behavior exhibited in real situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an influence on the ideal self during childhood?

    <p>Admiration for others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which psychologist is known as the Father of American Psychology?

    <p>William James</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes adolescents' self-definition?

    <p>Abstract qualities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Allport's theory, what does the 'I' represent?

    <p>The enduring self</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'possible self' refer to in emerging adults?

    <p>The aspirational self</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect does culture influence regarding personality traits?

    <p>Whether and how individuals value personality traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of cognitive development is marked by egocentrism?

    <p>Preoperational Stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the concept of object permanence refer to?

    <p>Recognizing that objects continue to exist even when unseen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to developmental psychology, what encompasses the study of physical, cognitive, social, and emotional changes?

    <p>Developmental Psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do children in the Concrete Operational Stage typically process information?

    <p>Using concrete and literal thinking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable characteristic of the Sensorimotor Stage in early childhood development?

    <p>Learning through sensory experiences and interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What psychological term refers to the influence of culture on success definitions?

    <p>Cultural Context</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key cognitive limitation do children face at the Preoperational Stage?

    <p>Grasping the idea of conservation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term did Carl Rogers coin to describe a person's basic instinct to reach their highest potential?

    <p>Actualizing Tendency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which trait type is characterized as the building blocks of personality according to Allport?

    <p>Central Traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Transactional Analysis model, who is referred to as the 'Respondent'?

    <p>The person who reacts to the Stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three ego states according to Eric Berne in the Transactional Analysis model?

    <p>Child, Parent, Adult</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept introduced by Gregg Henrique suggests that the Self has three separable domains?

    <p>Triadic Self</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Donald Woods Winnicott, what does the term 'Self' refer to?

    <p>The person that is Me</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which trait type is described as not being very obvious or consistent?

    <p>Secondary Traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Public Self / Persona' as proposed by Gregg Henrique refer to?

    <p>The self that is presented to the outside world</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Rise of Empiricism

    • Empiricism asserts knowledge comes solely from sensory experiences and interactions.
    • David Hume views the self as a collection of impressions and ideas, positioning the self as transient and constructed from experience.

    Components of the Soul (Plato)

    • Plato identifies three soul components:
      • Rational Soul: Responsible for intellect and reason.
      • Spirited Soul: Manages emotions and feelings.
      • Appetitive Soul: Contains basic desires like hunger and pleasure.

    Personal Identity and Imagination

    • Personal identity is derived from imagination and perception rather than a permanent essence.
    • Hume's perspective: "There is no Self" - advocating that what we perceive as a self is continually changing.

    Philosophical Contributions

    • St. Augustine integrates Christian thought with Platonic philosophy.
    • John Locke, known as the Father of Liberalism, emphasizes memory as key to personal identity across time.
    • Locke identifies two facets of the self: "I" (the active self) and "Me" (the learned self).

    Cultural Influence on Self-Perception

    • Richard Shweder highlights that cultural traditions shape human psyche and self-perception.
    • Culture influences perceptions of relationships, emotions, values, and conceptions of success.

    Anthropology and Self-Construction

    • Anthropology examines how cultural contexts define personal identity.
    • Two main self-construction types:
      • Independent Construct: Emphasizes individuality, typical of Western cultures.
      • Interdependent Construct: Highlights communal connections, prevalent in collectivist cultures.

    Developmental Psychology

    • Psychology studies behavior and mental processes, examining developmental stages across life.
    • Piaget's stages of cognitive development:
      • Sensorimotor Stage (0-2 years): Focused on interaction and sensory experiences.
      • Preoperational Stage (2-7 years): Characterized by egocentrism and difficulty with conservation concepts.
      • Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years): Transition to logical thinking, understanding of perspectives and self-comparison.

    Adolescent and Emerging Adult Development

    • Adolescents (12-18 years) define self by abstract qualities and emotional characteristics.
    • Emerging adults (18+) explore possibilities, shaping a "possible self."

    Gordon Allport and Personality Traits

    • Allport emphasizes the existence of multiple selves and personality traits:
      • Central Traits: Core characteristics defining personality.
      • Secondary Traits: Less consistent traits that may not define an individual.
      • Cardinal Traits: Dominant traits shaping one's life.

    Humanistic Psychology

    • Carl Rogers emphasizes the unity of consciousness and actualizing tendency, striving for personal potential.
    • Eric Berne's Transactional Analysis Model categorizes interactions into ego states:
      • Parent: Authority and conditioned responses.
      • Child: Emotional reactions to experiences.
      • Adult: Rational thought and independent decision-making.

    The Self in Psychological Constructs

    • Gregg Henrique proposes three domains of the self: Experiential Self, Private Self, and Public Self (Persona).
    • Donald Woods Winnicott refers to the "true self," suggesting a real essence within oneself.

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    Description

    Explore the concepts of Empiricism as discussed by David Hume. This quiz delves into the relationship between the physical body, the immaterial soul, and personal identity. Test your understanding of how experience and senses shape our knowledge of self.

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