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Questions and Answers
Who is credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy?
What is the philosophical method associated with Socrates?
According to Socrates, what is an unexamined life?
Which of the following is a quote attributed to Socrates?
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What is Socrates' nickname often mentioned in historical texts?
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Which of the following is NOT one of Socrates' children?
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Who is known for the quote 'The world is a book, and those who do not travel read only a page'?
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According to Saint Augustine, where can true happiness be achieved?
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What strong point does Saint Augustine have regarding the idea of God?
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What did Saint Augustine consider as the companion of wisdom?
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What world does Saint Augustine describe as a 'temporary home'?
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What did Rene Descartes contribute to philosophy, mathematics, and science?
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What is Sigmund Freud known as the founder of?
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In Sigmund Freud's view, what governs much of man’s behavior?
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Where was Sigmund Freud born?
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What is Gilbert Ryle known for critiquing?
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Which philosopher coined the phrase 'the ghost in the machine'?
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What approach to philosophical problems did Gilbert Ryle share with Ludwig Wittgenstein?
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According to Hume, what is the key source of our awareness of something?
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What did Immanuel Kant argue about space, time, and causation?
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How does Hume view the nature of man?
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What did Immanuel Kant believe about free will and reason?
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According to Hume, what are impressions and ideas?
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What did Immanuel Kant suggest about the nature of 'things-in-themselves'?
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Maurice Merleau-Ponty was influenced by which two philosophers?
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What is Paul Churchland known for?
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How does Maurice Merleau-Ponty believe we know things?
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What did Maurice Merleau-Ponty focus on in his work?
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According to Paul Churchland, what is the organ for understanding moral facts?
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How does Paul Churchland believe the mind and body are connected?
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Study Notes
Founders of Western Philosophy
- Socrates is credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy.
- Known for the Socratic method, which involves questioning to stimulate critical thinking and illuminate ideas.
Socrates' Philosophical Views
- An unexamined life is not worth living, emphasizing the importance of self-reflection.
- Nicknamed "the gadfly," indicating his role in provoking thought and dialogue.
Quotes and Children
- Quote often attributed to Socrates: "I know that I am intelligent, because I know that I know nothing."
- One of his children is not mentioned, as specific names are not provided in the context.
Influential Philosophers and Ideas
- Saint Augustine: Claimed true happiness can be found in God.
- Strongly argued for the existence of God, emphasizing faith and reason.
- Considered love to be the companion of wisdom.
Saint Augustine's Views
- Described Earth as a "temporary home," suggesting a transient existence.
Contributions of Rene Descartes
- Made significant contributions to philosophy, mathematics, and science, known for the phrase "I think, therefore I am."
Sigmund Freud
- Known as the founder of psychoanalysis, exploring the unconscious mind.
- Believed that the unconscious governs much of human behavior.
- Born in Freiberg, Moravia.
Gilbert Ryle and Philosophical Critique
- Critiqued Cartesian dualism, coining the phrase "the ghost in the machine" to describe the separation of mind and body.
- Shared an approach to philosophical problems with Ludwig Wittgenstein, focusing on ordinary language.
David Hume's Perspectives
- Argued that impressions and ideas are key to understanding human experience; impressions are direct experiences, while ideas are mental representations of those experiences.
- Emphasized that the nature of man is governed by experiences and perceptions.
Immanuel Kant's Philosophy
- Argued that our understanding of space, time, and causation is shaped by our perceptual frameworks.
- Believed in the existence of free will while maintaining that reason plays a crucial role in moral decision-making.
- Suggested that 'things-in-themselves' are unknowable, only accessible through interpretation.
Maurice Merleau-Ponty and Influences
- Influenced by existentialism and phenomenology, focusing on perception and embodied experience.
- Believed knowledge is rooted in our physical interactions with the world.
Contributions of Paul Churchland
- Known for his work in eliminative materialism, arguing for a neuroscience-based understanding of the mind and morals.
- Suggested the brain is the organ that understands moral facts and proposed a non-dualistic view of the mind-body relationship.
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Description
Explore the key ideas of empiricist philosopher David Hume and influential German philosopher Immanuel Kant. Understand Hume's views on impressions and ideas, as well as Kant's contributions to the Age of Enlightenment.
