Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which statement best describes the behavior of gases?
Which statement best describes the behavior of gases?
- Gases fill and take the shape of their container, having neither a fixed shape nor volume. (correct)
- Gases maintain a fixed shape and volume.
- Gases have a definite shape but can be compressed into smaller volumes.
- Gases have a definite volume but take the shape of their container.
Gases typically have the highest density compared to solids and liquids.
Gases typically have the highest density compared to solids and liquids.
False (B)
Gases mix completely and uniformly with other gases when __________.
Gases mix completely and uniformly with other gases when __________.
confined
What four variables define the state of a gaseous substance?
What four variables define the state of a gaseous substance?
What does 1 atm equal in kilopascals (kPa)?
What does 1 atm equal in kilopascals (kPa)?
In chemistry, pressure is usually expressed in Pascals (Pa).
In chemistry, pressure is usually expressed in Pascals (Pa).
In the context of gases, volume is the __________ occupied by the gas and is measured in __________.
In the context of gases, volume is the __________ occupied by the gas and is measured in __________.
What is the standard temperature used in gas law calculations?
What is the standard temperature used in gas law calculations?
According to Boyle's Law, if the pressure of a gas increases, the volume also increases, assuming temperature and chemical amount remain constant.
According to Boyle's Law, if the pressure of a gas increases, the volume also increases, assuming temperature and chemical amount remain constant.
Boyle's Law states that pressure and volume are __________ proportional.
Boyle's Law states that pressure and volume are __________ proportional.
Which law describes the relationship between temperature and volume of a gas at constant pressure?
Which law describes the relationship between temperature and volume of a gas at constant pressure?
In Charles's Law, temperature can be measured in Celsius for accurate calculations.
In Charles's Law, temperature can be measured in Celsius for accurate calculations.
Match each gas law with its correct mathematical expression, where P is pressure, V is volume, T is temperature, and k is a constant:
Match each gas law with its correct mathematical expression, where P is pressure, V is volume, T is temperature, and k is a constant:
The Combined Gas Law states that the __________ of pressure and volume is proportional to __________.
The Combined Gas Law states that the __________ of pressure and volume is proportional to __________.
Which gas law describes the relationship between pressure and temperature when volume is constant?
Which gas law describes the relationship between pressure and temperature when volume is constant?
According to the Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT), gas particles are considered to have significant attractive forces between them.
According to the Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT), gas particles are considered to have significant attractive forces between them.
Explain how Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) describes the compressibility of gases.
Explain how Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) describes the compressibility of gases.
According to KMT, the kinetic energy of gas particles is __________ to temperature.
According to KMT, the kinetic energy of gas particles is __________ to temperature.
What happens to the collision frequency of gas particles in a container when the volume of the container is reduced, according to KMT?
What happens to the collision frequency of gas particles in a container when the volume of the container is reduced, according to KMT?
Avogadro's Theory states that at the same temperature and pressure, equal volumes of gases contain equal numbers of atoms.
Avogadro's Theory states that at the same temperature and pressure, equal volumes of gases contain equal numbers of atoms.
Explain the law of combining volumes.
Explain the law of combining volumes.
Molar volume refers to the _________ that one __________ of a gas occupies at a specific temperature and pressure.
Molar volume refers to the _________ that one __________ of a gas occupies at a specific temperature and pressure.
What is the molar volume of a gas at SATP (Standard Ambient Temperature and Pressure)?
What is the molar volume of a gas at SATP (Standard Ambient Temperature and Pressure)?
The molar volume of all gases is the same regardless of temperature and pressure conditions.
The molar volume of all gases is the same regardless of temperature and pressure conditions.
Describe how molar volume is used as a conversion factor in gas stoichiometry.
Describe how molar volume is used as a conversion factor in gas stoichiometry.
An ideal gas is a __________ gas that perfectly obeys all the gas laws under __________ conditions.
An ideal gas is a __________ gas that perfectly obeys all the gas laws under __________ conditions.
Which assumption is made about ideal gases according to the Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT)?
Which assumption is made about ideal gases according to the Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT)?
At very high pressures, the size of gas particles becomes negligible, leading gases to behave more ideally.
At very high pressures, the size of gas particles becomes negligible, leading gases to behave more ideally.
Describe the conditions under which real gases behave most like ideal gases.
Describe the conditions under which real gases behave most like ideal gases.
The Ideal Gas Law is represented mathematically as PV = __________, where n is the chemical amount, and R is the __________.
The Ideal Gas Law is represented mathematically as PV = __________, where n is the chemical amount, and R is the __________.
What is the standard value of the ideal gas constant (R) when pressure is in kPa and volume is in liters?
What is the standard value of the ideal gas constant (R) when pressure is in kPa and volume is in liters?
Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures applies only to gases that do not react with each other.
Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures applies only to gases that do not react with each other.
State Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures.
State Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures.
According to Dalton's Law, the partial pressure of each gas in a mixture is the __________ exerted by the gas if it occupied the container __________.
According to Dalton's Law, the partial pressure of each gas in a mixture is the __________ exerted by the gas if it occupied the container __________.
Which of the following is an application of stoichiometric principles to gaseous reactions?
Which of the following is an application of stoichiometric principles to gaseous reactions?
When using gas stoichiometry, it is unnecessary to balance the chemical reaction equation.
When using gas stoichiometry, it is unnecessary to balance the chemical reaction equation.
Explain the role of coefficients in a balanced chemical reaction equation for gas stoichiometry.
Explain the role of coefficients in a balanced chemical reaction equation for gas stoichiometry.
When conditions are not at STP or SATP, or when reactants or products are not gases, the __________ must be used to complete calculations in gas stoichiometry.
When conditions are not at STP or SATP, or when reactants or products are not gases, the __________ must be used to complete calculations in gas stoichiometry.
A gas occupies 10.0 L at 150°C and 150 kPa. What information is necessary according to the Ideal Gas Law to calculate the mass of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) needed to produce this gas?
A gas occupies 10.0 L at 150°C and 150 kPa. What information is necessary according to the Ideal Gas Law to calculate the mass of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) needed to produce this gas?
A balloon contains helium gas at 20 °C with a volume of 7.50 L at 100 kPa. The balloon rises to an altitude where the temperature is -36 °C and the outside pressure is 28 kPa. Assuming the balloon expands freely and no gas escapes, calculate the new volume of the balloon.
A balloon contains helium gas at 20 °C with a volume of 7.50 L at 100 kPa. The balloon rises to an altitude where the temperature is -36 °C and the outside pressure is 28 kPa. Assuming the balloon expands freely and no gas escapes, calculate the new volume of the balloon.
A rigid 3.0L container holds N2 gas at 20.0°C and 3.00 atm. What will be the pressure if the container is placed in a 50.0°C oven, assuming the volume remains constant?
A rigid 3.0L container holds N2 gas at 20.0°C and 3.00 atm. What will be the pressure if the container is placed in a 50.0°C oven, assuming the volume remains constant?
If Mrs. Litzenberger fills her tires to 34 psi, what is this pressure in atm and kPa?
If Mrs. Litzenberger fills her tires to 34 psi, what is this pressure in atm and kPa?
Flashcards
Gas properties
Gas properties
Gases fill and take the shape and volume of their containers.
Gas diffusion
Gas diffusion
Gases move spontaneously throughout space.
Compressibility
Compressibility
Gases are easily squeezed into smaller volumes.
Gas mixing
Gas mixing
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Gas pressure
Gas pressure
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Pressure definition
Pressure definition
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Pressure measurement
Pressure measurement
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Boyle's Law
Boyle's Law
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Charles's Law
Charles's Law
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Combined Gas Law
Combined Gas Law
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Gay-Lussac's Law
Gay-Lussac's Law
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Kinetic Energy
Kinetic Energy
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Avogadro's Theory
Avogadro's Theory
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Molar Volume
Molar Volume
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Ideal Gas
Ideal Gas
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Ideal Gas Constant
Ideal Gas Constant
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Real Gases at high pressures
Real Gases at high pressures
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Partial Pressure Definition
Partial Pressure Definition
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Dalton's Law
Dalton's Law
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Stoichiometry
Stoichiometry
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Gas Stoichiometry
Gas Stoichiometry
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Study Notes
Empirical Properties of Gases
- Gases fill and take the shape of their containers
- Gases have neither a shape nor volume of their own
- Gases diffuse and/or move spontaneously throughout space
- Most gases are colourless and odourless
- Gases are highly compressible; when pressure increases in a gas, its volume decreases, and vice-versa
- If temperature of gas ↑ then the volume of gas ↑
- If pressure of gas ↑ then the volume of gas ↓
- Gases have the lowest density of all states of matter
- Gases have the weakest intermolecular forces of all states of matter
- Gases mix completely and uniformly with other gases when confined in the same space if no chemical reaction occurs
- Gases exert pressure on its surroundings
Defining State of a Gaseous Substance
- The state is defined by four variables: chemical amount, pressure, volume, and temperature
- Chemical amount is measured in moles
- Pressure (P) is force per unit area, measured in Pascals(Pa)
- 1 kPa = 1000 Pa
- 1 kPa = 1000 N/m²
- 1 atm = 101,325 kPa = 760 mm Hg (millimeters of mercury)
- 1 atm is also known as 1 atmosphere
- 14.7 psi = 1.01 bar
- Pressure in chemistry is usually expressed in atm, using dimensional analysis (ratios) to convert
Volume
- Volume (V) is the space occupied by a gas
- Volume is measured in Litres (L)
Temperature
- Temperature (T) of gases measured in Kelvin (K)
- To convert from Celsius to Kelvin: T(K) = T(°C) + 273
Standard Conditions
- Scientists define standard conditions:
- Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP): 0°C (273 K) and 1 atm (101kPa)
- Standard Ambient Temperature and Pressure (SATP): 25°C = 298K
Boyle's Law
- The law describes the relationship between pressure and volume
- As pressure of a gas increases, volume decreases, inversely proportional
- Temperature and chemical amount must remain constant
- Boyle's Law is written mathematically as P₁V₁ = P₂V₂
Charles' Law
- The law describes the relationship between temperature and volume
- As temperature increases, volume of a gas also increases if pressure and molarity are kept constant
- Charles' Law can be written mathematically as V₁/T₁ = V₂/T₂
- The temperature (T) must always be in Kelvin (K)
- Relationship between volume and temperature is directly proportional
Combined Gas Law
- The combined gas law relates pressure, volume, and temperature
- Product of pressure and volume of a gas is proportional to temperature, (molar amount is constant)
- Combined Gas Law: P₁V₁/T₁ = P₂V₂/T₂
Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
- The kinetic energy of gas particles is proportional to temperature
- As temperature increases, so does the kinetic energy of the gas particles
- Explains why gases are highly compressible because gas particles are far apart
- It's possible to force the particles closer together when pressure is applied
- Gas pressure is the total force of the collisions of gas particles distributed over an area of that container
- Boyle's Law: If the volume of the container is reduced, gas particles travel shorter distances to collide with their container, therefore they collide more frequently, leading to an increased pressure on the container
- Charles' Law: An increase in temperature represents an average kinetic energy
Law of Combining Volumes
- When temperature and pressure are constant, the volume of gaseous reactants and products are in simple whole number ratios
- Avogadro's Theory states that at the same temperature and pressure, equal volumes of gases contain equal numbers of molecules
Molar Volume
- Molar Volume refers to the volume one mole of gas occupies at a specific temperature and pressure
- Molar volume is the conversion factor to convert chemical amount of gas to volume
- Volume (V) = amount (n) x Molar Volume (VM)
- 24.8 L/mol = VSATP and 22.4 L/mol at VSTP
Ideal Gas Law
- The law describes a hypothetical gas that perfectly obeys all the gas laws under all conditions
- Gases are far apart relative to their size
- At high pressures, molecules are forced together so the size of particles and their size matters is negligible
- Constant, random, straight-line motion
- Collisions of gas particles are elastic and no NRG is lost
- At relatively low pressure and high temperature (STP and SATP), real gases behave like ideal gases
- Ideal Gas Law: PV = nRT.
- R (the ideal gas constant) = 8.314 kPa
Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure
- Partial Pressure is the pressure exerted by an individual gas in a mixture
- Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures- the total pressure of a mixture is the sum of the partial pressures of each of the gases in the mixture
Gas Stoichiometry
- Gas Stoichiometry predicts or analyzes the quantity of gas involved in a chemical reaction
- Molar volume and molar mass can be used to convert between volume and mass
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