Empire, War, and Revolution in Europe, 1850-1939 Quiz 1

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Questions and Answers

What is the Russian colloquial term for Germans as depicted in lubki cartoons?

Kraut

Cockroach (correct)

Hun

Sausage-eater

By 1915, who was blamed for the military disasters and serious problems in Russia?

The bourgeoisie

The military leadership

An incompetent tsar (correct)

The English and the French

Which motif expressed the hope that personal bravery would prevail over the Germans in Russian lubki cartoons?

The benevolent tsar

The German sausage-eater

The Prussian cockroach

The 'smart Cossack' (correct)

In Pushkin's 'Queen of Spades', what does the spade symbolize?

Malevolence Signup and view all the answers

How were Germans often portrayed in Russian lubki cartoons during World War I?

As dull-witted enemies Signup and view all the answers

What impact did imperialism have on the continental Balance of Power in Africa?

It shifted power by providing access to colonial resources. Signup and view all the answers

At which conference were the ground rules for colonization of Africa established in 1885?

Berlin Conference Signup and view all the answers

What document highlighted the brutal conditions under King Leopold II's rule in the Congo?

Heart of Darkness Signup and view all the answers

Who was the significant figure responsible for operating the British protectorates of Zambia and Zimbabwe?

Cecil Rhodes Signup and view all the answers

What term did Lothar von Trotha use to describe his policies against the Herero people in Namibia?

Racial Struggle Signup and view all the answers

Which product's advertising equated cleanliness and civility with whiteness during the imperial era?

Pears soap Signup and view all the answers

Which of these was a strategic concern for established infrastructure due to colonization?

The Suez Canal Signup and view all the answers

What was one reason the Belgian government took control of the Congo from King Leopold II in 1908?

To curb violence and inhumane conditions Signup and view all the answers

What concept was smoking tied to in wartime art depicting the 'Tommy'?

Masculinity Signup and view all the answers

Which factor was crucial in the growth of cigarette smoking during WWI?

The image of the fighting man Signup and view all the answers

How did perceptions of women smoking change during WWI?

Smoking was seen as a cure for boredom and loneliness. Signup and view all the answers

What product was renamed Victory Cabbage during WWI?

Sauerkraut Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the French government's secret aims concerning Germany post-WWI?

Creating a separate Rhenish state Signup and view all the answers

What led to the exponential growth of cigarette smoking during and after WWI?

The association with wartime morale Signup and view all the answers

What was a common reason women smoked more openly during WWI?

Due to social acceptance in war settings Signup and view all the answers

Which promotional strategy was NOT commonly used for tobacco during WWI?

Marketing cigarettes directly to children Signup and view all the answers

What cultural factor did Bismarck use to provoke Napoleon III into war against Prussia?

A disagreement on the role of an 'adjutant'. Signup and view all the answers

Nationalism differs from ideologies like fascism and liberalism by mainly serving as a representation of the nation without which of the following?

Excluding other complex identities. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Sonderweg thesis primarily explain regarding German political development?

Why Nazism thrived in the absence of liberal democracy. Signup and view all the answers

In what way did the Bismarckian nation-state engage with regional identities?

It maintained autonomy in regional frameworks. Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant outcome for Württemberg following its alliance with Napoleon during the French Revolution?

It was elevated from a Duchy to a Kingdom. Signup and view all the answers

By 1902, European powers controlled what percentage of the African continent?

90% Signup and view all the answers

Which term did Rudyard Kipling use to describe the perceived duty of western Europeans towards Africa?

The White Man's Burden. Signup and view all the answers

What misconception often exists about nationalism in relation to other identities?

Nationalism excludes all other identities. Signup and view all the answers

What name is given to the series of battles that took place from mid-September 1914 aimed at outflanking each other?

The Race to the Sea Signup and view all the answers

Why did the Germans withdraw to the Hindenburg Line between 16 March and 5 April 1917?

To shorten their lines Signup and view all the answers

What practice did Admiral Tirpitz believe was the best weapon against the British during the war?

Unrestricted submarine warfare Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant reason for the overall failure of the Ludendorff Offensives?

Failure to exploit supply line weaknesses Signup and view all the answers

Which book by Marie Stopes contributed to the normalization of women’s social behaviors in post-war society?

Married Love Signup and view all the answers

The strategic withdrawal of German forces to which line was marked by a significant reduction in casualties?

The Hindenburg Line Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant consequence of unrestricted submarine warfare initiated by Germany?

The United States entering the war Signup and view all the answers

What major societal change occurred for women due to the impact of the war?

Acceptance of smoking in public Signup and view all the answers

What was a contributing factor to the start of the Crimean War?

All of the above. Signup and view all the answers

Which outcome resulted from the unifications of Italy and Germany in the 19th century?

Increased nationalistic sentiments among non-German populations in Austria. Signup and view all the answers

What was Count Camillo di Cavour's primary objective in bringing Piedmont into the Crimean War?

To assert Piedmont's rights to support neighboring provinces. Signup and view all the answers

How did the German states respond to the political climate following the revolutions of 1848?

By intensifying police surveillance and restricting freedoms. Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the Peace of Prague in 1866?

It affirmed Prussia's dominant role in German affairs. Signup and view all the answers

Which approach did the German Confederation adopt to manage public sentiment after the revolutions of 1848?

Combining repression with infrastructure development. Signup and view all the answers

What key message did the unifications of Italy and Germany send to the Austrian Empire?

Consequences of ignoring nationalist movements. Signup and view all the answers

What role did Cavour believe participating in the Crimean War would play for Piedmont?

It would legitimize Piedmont's claims over Italian territories. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Quiz 1: Empire, War, and Revolution in Europe, 1850-1939

Crimean War Cause: All of the above - British concern about Russian expansionism, Russia's ambition to take over the Ottoman Empire, and conflict among Christian religious groups under Muslim rule.
Austrian Empire Weakening: The unification of Italy and Germany, in addition to territorial claims, weakened the Austrian Empire both by diminishing alliances with other nations, and by prompting non-Germans within the Empire to seek national independence.
Piedmont's Crimean War Intervention: Piedmont intervened in the Crimean War to assert its right to intervene on behalf of Lombardy and Venetia.
German States' Governance: German states used a blend of positive incentives (economic development) and forceful methods (police surveillance and restrictions on voting rights) to control their subjects.
Peace of Prague: This treaty of 1866 resulted in Schleswig-Holstein being given to the German Confederation, and Sicily and Tuscany to Italy. This fundamentally altered the political landscape of the region.
Bismarck's Escalation of War: Bismarck actively provoked war between Prussia and France by manipulating the Spanish succession crisis.
Nationalism as a Religion: Nationalism is not an ideology in itself, but more of a religion, capable of uniting a nation. It's not just about politics but a larger shared identity.
German Nationhood: The Sonderweg thesis argues that Germany's unique path to nationhood created tensions between economic development and traditional anti-democratic structures.
Bismarckian Nation-State: The Bismarckian nation-state promoted national loyalty by minimizing regional identities and pre-unification structures, while also utilizing successful military victories.
German Colonization of Africa: Initially only controlling 11% of the African continent, by 1902 European powers controlled 95%.
The White Man's Burden: This concept, promoted by Kipling, was the supposed obligation of Western Europeans to bring "civilization" to the African continent representing a colonial justification.
Shifting Balance of Power: Imperialism shifted the Balance of Power to Africa by giving European powers access to the resources of their colonies and leading to a naval arms race.
Congo Free State: King Leopold II's brutal rule over the Congo Free State was eventually taken over by the Belgian government due to humanitarian concerns and reports like Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness.
German War Against the Herero: In Namibia, the German government's treatment of the Herero population used language eerily reminiscent of the Nazis.
Important National Institution: The German imperial navy was considered a national institution bolstering the image of the nation to counter opposition.
Germany's Foreign Policy: Issues like naval arms races in Asia, Middle East, Africa, and Latin America, forced Germany to re-evaluate its foreign relations which weakened diplomatic ties with other powers.
Austrian Empire Annexation: The Austro-Hungarian Empire annexed Bosnia-Herzegovina in 1908, despite Serbian objections.
Assassination of Archduke: The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in late June 1914 in Sarajevo ignited the events leading to World War I.
Blank Cheque: The German Kaiser's implicit promise to support Austria-Hungary in the lead up to the assassination spurred tensions and the beginning of war.
German Invasion Plan: The Schlieffen Plan, a German strategy to invade France through neutral Belgium, was designed as a preventative measure.
First Major Encounter of WWI: Germany’s military victory over the Russians at the battle of Tannenberg.
Nationalism in the Great War: By the eve of World War I, the concept of nationalism was transformed into a tool used for political mobilization via nationalism, including identifying external “enemies” and using this to unify people.
World War I Hostile Camps: The global powers split into the Entente (Russia, Britain, and France) and the Dual Alliance (Germany and Austria-Hungary).
Willpower and Moral Fiber: Military experts in the period before World War I agreed that the ability to act proactively was critical for victory on the battlefield.
European Arms Race: Russian Foreign Minister Alexandr Izvolsky referred to tensions due to the arms race as a "craze" among certain European social groups.
First Battle of Marne: This battle marked the start of static trench warfare on the Western Front, following this battle.
German Withdrawal during WWI: The Germans retreated to the Hindenburg Line to shorten the front lines, release resources, and consolidate their defenses.
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare: This policy, initiated to impact British and Allied logistics by Germany, was a key reason for the United States' entry into World War I.
Ludendorff Offensives: Though sometimes successful in the short term, Ludendorff's offensives failed to achieve their ultimate goals because of logistical and military planning issues.
Women's Roles during WWI: World War I led to significant social changes for women, more opportunities in the workforce, and greater independence as their roles changed inside and outside the house.
Nationalist Spirit in WWI: Propaganda and propaganda materials were used to invoke nationalist sentiment during WWI.
Changing Gender Roles During the War: Wartime changed gender roles and social perceptions of women's roles causing greater acceptance of women smoking.
Public Information Campaign: War propaganda impacted the German culture creating a public reaction against the enemy nation (in this case, the Allied powers), driving up civilian support for their national cause and bolstering the national identity.
Material Change in the German Army: The German army was reorganized and rearmed after military setbacks to regain their position and capabilities.
Ottoman Reinforcement: German and Austrian troops facilitated the reinforcement of Ottoman armies in Gallipoli through land routes during the war.
Middle Eastern Division: A secret treaty, the Sykes-Picot Agreement, divided the Middle East between Great Britain and France, undermining the goals of Arab nationalists.
Russian Offensive: The Brusilov Offensive was a successful Russian attack in 1916 aimed at easing the pressure on Verdun and Italy.
Catastrophic Defeat: The Russians faced catastrophic defeats at Tannenberg and Masurian Lakes, inspiring national pride and wit to counter the supposed inferiority of the Germans.
Lubok Cartoons: Russian lubok cartoons used depictions of the German “enemy” in both humorous and critical ways.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the significant events and movements that shaped Europe between 1850 and 1939. This quiz covers the Crimean War, the weakening of the Austrian Empire, and the unification of Italy and Germany. Explore key treaties and the political landscape of the time to enhance your understanding of European history.