Empire, War, and Revolution in Europe, 1850-1939 Quiz 1

The Crimean War stemmed from multiple factors, including British concern about Russian expansion, Russia's ambition to take advantage of the Ottoman Empire's decline, and religious conflict between different Christian groups under Ottoman rule.

The unification of Italy and Germany weakened the Austrian Empire by prompting demands for national sovereignty among non-German populations and highlighting Austrian vulnerabilities.

Piedmont's participation in the Crimean War aimed to justify its intervention on behalf of territories like Lombardy and Venetia, showcasing its right to influence their fate.

Following the 1848 revolutions, German states dealt with opposition by simultaneously employing forceful policies, such as expanding police presence, and more conciliatory measures, including public service improvements and economic development strategies.

The 1866 Peace of Prague led to Prussian dominance in Germany, essentially ending Austro-Prussian conflict in the region.

Italian unification contributed to Austrian Empire weakness by causing the demand for national independence among non-German inhabitants.

Religious differences, particularly between Orthodox and Roman Catholic Christians in areas under Ottoman control, were factors in the Crimean War.

Piedmont's Crimean War involvement sought to support its claim to intervene in territories like Lombardy and Venetia, asserting its right to shape their destiny.

Bismarck manipulated the situation regarding the Spanish throne to incite Napoleon III into a war against Prussia.

Nationalism, unlike ideologies like fascism or communism, fosters national unity and identity, but allows other identities to coexist.

This thesis argues that Germany's unique path led to its inability to develop a liberal democracy, partly due to the persistence of traditional and antidemocratic structures, contributing to the development of Nazism.

Bismarck's nation-state sought complete loyalty while simultaneously accepting pre-existing regional structures and identities.

Württemberg's status was elevated from Duchy to Kingdom through strategic alliances and territorial gains during the Napoleonic era.

By 1902, European powers controlled approximately 90% of the African continent.

The 'White Man's Burden' refers to the idea that Western Europeans had a duty to 'civilize' Africa.

European powers controlled roughly 90% of the African continent in 1902.

European imperialism changed the balance of power in Africa because of the access to colonial resources, the naval arms race, and strategic challenges.

The Berlin Conference in 1885 set the rules for European colonization of Africa. It was where the Congo Free State under King Leopold II was established.

King Leopold II's rule over the Congo Free State was known for its violence and inhumane treatment of Congolese people. The Belgian government eventually took over in 1908 due to reports of cruelty.

Cecil Rhodes, a major figure in British imperialism, exploited cheap labor in the British protectorates of Zambia and Zimbabwe. He treated them as a private company for his own profit.

Lothar von Trotha, during the German war against the Herero people in Namibia, prohibited marriage and mixing of races between Germans and the local people. He called it a "racial struggle."

Imperialism was often associated with whiteness and cleanliness. This is reflected in the marketing of Pears soap, which linked the product to civilization.

In the late 19th century, the imperial project in Europe glorified Western civilization and portrayed non-Western cultures as inferior and uncivilized.

The European colonization of Africa had a lasting impact, shaping the social, political, and economic landscape of the continent. It resulted in the exploitation of natural resources, forced labor, and cultural assimilation.

In Russian lubki cartoons, Germans were often portrayed as prusaki (cockroaches), highlighting Russian animosity towards them during World War I.

During World War I, lubki cartoons shifted from mocking Germans to blaming the Tsar for military failures and shortages.

The 'smart Cossack' motif in lubki cartoons portrayed Russian bravery and wit as national traits, contrasting them with the perceived dull-witted Germans.

In Pushkin's 'Queen of Spades', and in lubki during WWI, the spade symbolizes malevolence, representing negativity and misfortune.

Russian lubki cartoons during WWI served as a form of propaganda, influencing public opinion and reflecting societal anxieties.

During World War I, smoking was associated with masculinity and Britishness. Artists like C.R.W. Nevinson depicted soldiers in scenes of both social ease and exhaustion, linking smoking to notions of wartime fortitude and camaraderie.

In the 1910s and 1920s, tobacco advertising heavily promoted the image of the fighting man (like the "Tommy" soldier or the sailor), leveraging wartime patriotism and morale to increase cigarette smoking.

Before World War I, women's smoking was often hidden as it was associated with a 'degraded' image of femininity. But the war's social shifts and the promotion of smoking as a stress reliever led to greater social acceptance of women as smokers.

George Creel, head of the US Committee on Public Information, created a frenzy of wartime propaganda, censoring German language and culture. This included changing harmless products like sauerkraut to more patriotic names.

France's war aims included reclaiming Alsace-Lorraine, Belgian independence, and economic reparations. However, they also secretly aimed to annex the left bank of the Rhine or, failing that, create a separate Rhenish state to weaken Germany.

A series of battles fought in 1914 between the German and Entente forces along the Western Front, stretching from the Aisne River to the English Channel, as both sides attempted to outflank each other.

A defensive line established by the German army in 1917 during World War I, extending from the Swiss border to the Belgian coast. It was created to shorten German lines and free up troops for other fronts.

A German naval policy during World War I that allowed German submarines to sink any merchant ship, regardless of nationality, without warning. It was a gamble intended to cripple British shipping and force a surrender.

A series of major German offensives launched on the Western Front in 1918, aiming to achieve a decisive victory before the arrival of fresh American troops. Despite initial gains, they ultimately failed due to inadequate planning and execution.

The Ludendorff Offensives ultimately failed due to several factors: they did not exploit British supply line weaknesses, they did not focus on clear objectives with proper sequencing of attacks, and they created overly extensive salients in front lines that required excessive troops for defense.

Following the first World War, the influence of women in various aspects of society became vastly apparent: women increasingly held jobs, lived independently, enjoyed greater freedom of expression, and contributed to the changing understanding of gender roles.

World War I had a significant impact on women's roles and rights. The increase in women's participation in the workforce and their roles at home during the war led to broader societal changes, including greater independence, increased access to education, and the acceptance of women in leadership roles.

Victor Margueritte's 1922 novel, The Bachelor Girl, reflected the changing social dynamics of the 1920s, featuring a woman who embraced independence and self-reliance, challenging traditional expectations.